Economic Viability of Agroforestry Systems With Arabica Coffee in the Caparaó Capixaba Microregion, South of the State of Espírito Santo

Abstract

Agroforestry systems have established themselves as an innovative approach to sustainable agricultural production, harmoniously integrating food crops, tree species, and livestock. In the Caparaó region of Espírito Santo, located in southern Espírito Santo, these systems acquire special relevance by reconciling agricultural production with the conservation of remnants of the Atlantic Forest, a priority biome for preservation. This study aimed to evaluate the economic viability of integrated agroecological production in agroforestry systems with coffee cultivation on seven rural properties participating in the Reflorestar program, adopting a methodological approach that combined qualitative techniques, including semi-structured interviews with technicians and producers, with quantitative analyses based on financial indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C). Data were collected during the period from 2019 to 2024. The main results revealed that, after an initial investment period (2-4 years), all Agroforestry Systems (AFS) reached robust and sustainable profitability levels in the medium and long term (30-year horizon). Financial viability was consolidated from the 4th to the 6th year, with notable final indicators: the IRR stabilized at levels between 20.10% and 102.17%, the NPV ranged from R$ 22,044.18 to R$ 175,140.49, and the B/C ratio remained between 1.15 and 3.04, far exceeding the returns of conventional systems. Production diversification (coffee, bananas, palm heart, native fruits) proved decisive for economic resilience, offsetting initial costs and ensuring multiple income streams. Interviews with producers highlighted the importance of choosing more robust coffee varieties (such as Arara) to reduce costs, as well as logistical challenges in marketing perishable fruits and the need for adequate management of consorted species, such as bananas. Agroforestry Systems with arabica coffee are economically viable and represent a superior alternative to conventional models in the Caparaó region, combining high financial profitability with environmental and social benefits. The full potential of this model depends on rigorous technical planning in species selection, continuous access to specialized technical assistance, and the strengthening of commercialization channels for diversified products, recommending its adoption and expansion as a strategy for sustainable rural development.