Arsenic Environmental Contamination Assessment and Epidemiological Study of Human Exposure in Paracatu-MG - Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p186-211Keywords:
Arsenic, Gold Mining, Environmental Health, ParacatuAbstract
We present an interdisciplinary study where environmental, social and health conditions are integrated to evaluate the risk of exposure to arsenic in the population of Paracatu, due to the exploitation of the largest open pit gold mine in Brazil. The study had three phases: evaluation of environmental contamination; assessment of human environmental exposure; investigation of factors associated with behavior to reduce the risk of exposure. Water for human consumption in the urban area is not contaminated with arsenic. The levels of arsenic in urine indicate higher exposure in neighborhoods near the mine, in agreement with data on atmospheric particulate matter. The cancer mortality rate was not higher than the controls. Social networks and gender relations are key in the adoption of preventive behaviors. It is recommended the establishment of an Arsenic Exposure Surveillance Program, with the involvement of the Brazilian Universal Health Care System, “SUSâ€, at the municipal, state and federal levels.
References
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Bidone E, Castilhos Z, Cesar R, Santos MC, Sierpe R, Ferreira M 2016. Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic pollution in watersheds influenced by gold mining activities in Paracatu (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Environ Sci Pol Res, 23(9):8546-8559.
Caldwell KL, Jones RL, Verdon CP, Jarrett JM, Caudill SP, Osterloh JD 2009. Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. J Expo Sci Env Epidemiol, 19(1):59-68.
Creed JT, Brockhoff CA, Martin TD 1994. Method 2008 - Revision 5.4. Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab. EMMC Version, USEPA/ORD, 57 pp.
da Silva LID, Silva LDN, Carneiro MC, Monteiro MIC, Castilhos ZC, de Mello WZ, Matos JA 2014. Arsenic determination in atmospheric particulate matter from Paracatu-Brazil by ICP-OES. In: MI Litter et al. (eds.). One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014) As 2014. Proceedings of V International Congress of Arsenic in the Environment – As. Series Editors: J. Bundschuh and P. Bhattacharya, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, p. 209-211.
Das NK, Sengupta SR 2008. Arsenicosis: diagnosis and treatment. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 74(6):571-581.
DATASUS 2018. Informações de Saúde: Mortalidade. Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, Ministério da Saúde. [Acesso 24 de abr de 2018]. Disponível em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/ cgi/deftohtm.exe?sim/cnv/obt10uf.def.
De Capitani EM 2011. Arsenic toxicology - A review. In: E Deschamps, J Matschullat (eds.). Arsenic: natural and anthropogenic. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 27-37.
De Mello WZ, Matos JA, Castilhos ZC, da Silva LID, Carneiro MC, Monteiro MIC 2014. Arsenic in atmosferic particulate matter in Paracatu-MG, Brazil. In: MI Litter et al (eds.). One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014) As 2014. Proceedings of V International Congress of Arsenic in the Environment – As. Series Editors: J. Bundschuh and P. Bhattacharya, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, p. 116-118.
European Comission 2001. Ambient air pollution by As, Cd and Ni compounds. Position Paper. Office for official publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Foà V, Colombi A, Maroni M, Buratti M, Calzaferri G 1984. The speciation of the chemical forms of arsenic in the biological monitoring of exposure to inorganic arsenic. Sci total environ, 34(3):241-259.
Goullé JP, Mahieu L, Castermant J, Neveu N, Bonneau L, Lainé G et al. 2005. Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair: reference values. Forensic Sci Int, 153(1): 39-44.
Henderson RD 2006. Paracatu Mine Technical Report, Paracatu, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. NI 43-101 Technical Report.
Hughes MF 2002. Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action. Toxicol Lett, 133(1):1-16.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2012. Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Part C: Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 100(PT C.): 527 pp.
IBGE 2010. Censo Demográfico 2010. Disponível em: https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/ populacao/censo2010/default.shtm.
INMETRO 2017. DOC-CGCRE-008. Orientação sobre validação de métodos analíticos. Documento de caráter orientativo. Revisão 06 - Nov 17. Coordenação Geral de Acreditação, 30 pp.
Lauwerys RR, Hoet P 1993. Industrial chemical exposure: guidelines for biological monitoring. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Lauwerys RR, Hoet P 2001 Industrial chemical exposure: guidelines for biological monitoring. CRC Press.
Maggs R, Moorcroft AS 2000. Review of Arsenic in Ambient Air in the UK. Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, Scottish Executive, The National Assembly of Wales, Stationery Office, London, 51 pp.
Maud J, Rumsby P 2008. A review of the toxicity of arsenic in air. Science Report – SC020104/SR4.
Mazumder DG, De BK, Santra A, Dasgupta J, Ghosh N, Roy BK et al. 1999. Chronic arsenic toxicity: epidemiology, natural history and treatment. In: WR Cappell, CO Abernathy, RL Calderon (eds). Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 335-347.
Mazumder DNG 2000. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning. United Nations synthesis report on arsenic in drinking water - Revised Draft. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Mertens F, Fillion M, Saint-Charles J, Mongeau P, Távora R, Passos CJS, Mergler D 2015. The role of strong-tie social networks in mediating food security of fish resources by a traditional riverine community in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecology and Society, 20:18.
Mertens F, Saint-Charles J, Mergler D 2012. Social communication network analysis of the role of participatory research in the adoption of new fish consumption behaviors. Soc Sci Med, 75:643-650
Mertens F, Saint-Charles J, Mergler D, Passos CJ, Lucotte M 2005. A network approach for analyzing and promoting equity in participatory Ecohealth research. EcoHealth, 2:113-126.
Mertens F, Távora R, Nakano EY, Castilhos ZC 2017. Information sources, awareness and preventive health behaviors in a population at risk of Arsenic exposure: The role of gender and social networks. PLOS ONE, 12(10): e0186130.
Minoia C, Sabbioni E, Apostoli P, Pietra R, Pozzoli L, Gallorini M, Nicolau G, Alessio L, Capodaglio L 1990. Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community. I. A Study of 46 Elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian subjects. Science of the Total Environment, 95:89-105
NAS (National Academy of Science) 2013. Critical aspects of EPA’s IRIS assessment of inorganic arsenic: interim report. National Academies Press, Washington (DC), 128p.
NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) 2012. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2008-2009. Center for Diseases Control-CDC.
OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment) 2014. TSD for noncancer RELs. December 2008 updated July 2014. Appendix D. Individual Acute, 8-hour and Chronic Reference Exposure Level Summaries. 694p.
Prefeitura Municipal de Paracatu 2012. História. [Acesso 08 de jul de 2012]. Disponível em: http://www.paracatu.mg.gov.br/index.php?m=layout_paginas_4.php&paginas_id=1.
Prohaska T, Stingeder G 2005. Speciation of Arsenic. Speciation of Arsenic. In: R Cornelis et al. (eds.). Handbook of Elemental Speciation II. Species in the Environment, Food, Medicine and Occupational Health. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, p. 69-93.
Ravenscroft P, Brammer H, Richards KS 2009. Arsenic pollution: a global synthesis. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, U.K./Malden, MA, 588 pp.
Sakuma AM, De Capitani EM, Tiglea PA 2003. Arsênio. In: FA Azevedo, AAM Chasin. Metais: gerenciamento da toxicidade. Atheneu, São Paulo, p. 203-238.
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Heudorf U, Wilhelm M, Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency 2009. Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German environmental survey on children 2003-2006 (GerES IV). International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 212(6): 637-647.
Sims J 2014. Kinross Gold Corporation, Paracatu Project Brazil. National Instrument 43-101. Technical Report.
Smith AH, Ercumen A, Yuan Y, Steinmaus CM 2009. Increased lung cancer risks are similar whether arsenic is ingested or inhaled. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 19(4): 343-348.
Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M 2000. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bull World Health Organ, 78(9): 1093-1103.
Smith AH, Steinmaus CM 2000. Arsenic in urine and drinking water. Environ Health Perspect, 108(11): A494.
Tondel M, Rahman M, Magnuson A, Chowdhury IA, Faruquee MH, Ahmad SA 1999. The relationship of arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence rate of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect, 107(9): 727-729.
Triana DRR, Mertens F, Zúniga CV, Mendoza Y, Nakano EY, Monroy MC 2016. The Role of Gender in Chagas Disease Prevention and Control in Honduras: An Analysis of Communication and Collaboration Networks. EcoHealth, 13: 535-548
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS). Volume I. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. EPA/540/1-89/002. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/swerrims/ riskassessment/ragsa/pdf/rags-vol1-pta_complete.pdf.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1997. Expert Panel on Arsenic Carcinogenicity: Review and Workshop, Technical Report prepared by Eastern Research Group, under contract to EPA. Washington, DC, 100 pp.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1999. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air – Compendium Method IO-3.1 Selection, Preparation and extraction of Filter Material. Cincinnati, Ohio.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2012. Recommendations for Default Value for Relative Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soil. US EPA/OSWER 9200.1-113/2012.
Weihs M, Mertens F 2013. Os desafios da geração do conhecimento em saúde ambiental: uma perspectiva ecossistêmica. Ciencia & Saúde Coletiva, 18:1501-1510.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2001. Environmental health criteria 224: arsenic and arsenic compounds. World Health Organization, Geneva, 512 pp.
Williams PN, Meharg A, Zhang H 2014. Arsenic in Rice: Capturing Microscale Biogeochemical Heterogeneity in Paddy Soils. Abstract n. 2717. Aeolian Research, v. 14.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic. United States Department of Health and Human Services (US-HHS), Washington, 559 pp.
Bidone E, Castilhos Z, Cesar R, Santos MC, Sierpe R, Ferreira M 2016. Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic pollution in watersheds influenced by gold mining activities in Paracatu (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Environ Sci Pol Res, 23(9):8546-8559.
Caldwell KL, Jones RL, Verdon CP, Jarrett JM, Caudill SP, Osterloh JD 2009. Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. J Expo Sci Env Epidemiol, 19(1):59-68.
Creed JT, Brockhoff CA, Martin TD 1994. Method 2008 - Revision 5.4. Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab. EMMC Version, USEPA/ORD, 57 pp.
da Silva LID, Silva LDN, Carneiro MC, Monteiro MIC, Castilhos ZC, de Mello WZ, Matos JA 2014. Arsenic determination in atmospheric particulate matter from Paracatu-Brazil by ICP-OES. In: MI Litter et al. (eds.). One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014) As 2014. Proceedings of V International Congress of Arsenic in the Environment – As. Series Editors: J. Bundschuh and P. Bhattacharya, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, p. 209-211.
Das NK, Sengupta SR 2008. Arsenicosis: diagnosis and treatment. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 74(6):571-581.
DATASUS 2018. Informações de Saúde: Mortalidade. Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, Ministério da Saúde. [Acesso 24 de abr de 2018]. Disponível em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/ cgi/deftohtm.exe?sim/cnv/obt10uf.def.
De Capitani EM 2011. Arsenic toxicology - A review. In: E Deschamps, J Matschullat (eds.). Arsenic: natural and anthropogenic. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 27-37.
De Mello WZ, Matos JA, Castilhos ZC, da Silva LID, Carneiro MC, Monteiro MIC 2014. Arsenic in atmosferic particulate matter in Paracatu-MG, Brazil. In: MI Litter et al (eds.). One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014) As 2014. Proceedings of V International Congress of Arsenic in the Environment – As. Series Editors: J. Bundschuh and P. Bhattacharya, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, p. 116-118.
European Comission 2001. Ambient air pollution by As, Cd and Ni compounds. Position Paper. Office for official publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Foà V, Colombi A, Maroni M, Buratti M, Calzaferri G 1984. The speciation of the chemical forms of arsenic in the biological monitoring of exposure to inorganic arsenic. Sci total environ, 34(3):241-259.
Goullé JP, Mahieu L, Castermant J, Neveu N, Bonneau L, Lainé G et al. 2005. Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair: reference values. Forensic Sci Int, 153(1): 39-44.
Henderson RD 2006. Paracatu Mine Technical Report, Paracatu, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. NI 43-101 Technical Report.
Hughes MF 2002. Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action. Toxicol Lett, 133(1):1-16.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2012. Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Part C: Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 100(PT C.): 527 pp.
IBGE 2010. Censo Demográfico 2010. Disponível em: https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/ populacao/censo2010/default.shtm.
INMETRO 2017. DOC-CGCRE-008. Orientação sobre validação de métodos analíticos. Documento de caráter orientativo. Revisão 06 - Nov 17. Coordenação Geral de Acreditação, 30 pp.
Lauwerys RR, Hoet P 1993. Industrial chemical exposure: guidelines for biological monitoring. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Lauwerys RR, Hoet P 2001 Industrial chemical exposure: guidelines for biological monitoring. CRC Press.
Maggs R, Moorcroft AS 2000. Review of Arsenic in Ambient Air in the UK. Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, Scottish Executive, The National Assembly of Wales, Stationery Office, London, 51 pp.
Maud J, Rumsby P 2008. A review of the toxicity of arsenic in air. Science Report – SC020104/SR4.
Mazumder DG, De BK, Santra A, Dasgupta J, Ghosh N, Roy BK et al. 1999. Chronic arsenic toxicity: epidemiology, natural history and treatment. In: WR Cappell, CO Abernathy, RL Calderon (eds). Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 335-347.
Mazumder DNG 2000. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning. United Nations synthesis report on arsenic in drinking water - Revised Draft. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Mertens F, Fillion M, Saint-Charles J, Mongeau P, Távora R, Passos CJS, Mergler D 2015. The role of strong-tie social networks in mediating food security of fish resources by a traditional riverine community in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecology and Society, 20:18.
Mertens F, Saint-Charles J, Mergler D 2012. Social communication network analysis of the role of participatory research in the adoption of new fish consumption behaviors. Soc Sci Med, 75:643-650
Mertens F, Saint-Charles J, Mergler D, Passos CJ, Lucotte M 2005. A network approach for analyzing and promoting equity in participatory Ecohealth research. EcoHealth, 2:113-126.
Mertens F, Távora R, Nakano EY, Castilhos ZC 2017. Information sources, awareness and preventive health behaviors in a population at risk of Arsenic exposure: The role of gender and social networks. PLOS ONE, 12(10): e0186130.
Minoia C, Sabbioni E, Apostoli P, Pietra R, Pozzoli L, Gallorini M, Nicolau G, Alessio L, Capodaglio L 1990. Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community. I. A Study of 46 Elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian subjects. Science of the Total Environment, 95:89-105
NAS (National Academy of Science) 2013. Critical aspects of EPA’s IRIS assessment of inorganic arsenic: interim report. National Academies Press, Washington (DC), 128p.
NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) 2012. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2008-2009. Center for Diseases Control-CDC.
OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment) 2014. TSD for noncancer RELs. December 2008 updated July 2014. Appendix D. Individual Acute, 8-hour and Chronic Reference Exposure Level Summaries. 694p.
Prefeitura Municipal de Paracatu 2012. História. [Acesso 08 de jul de 2012]. Disponível em: http://www.paracatu.mg.gov.br/index.php?m=layout_paginas_4.php&paginas_id=1.
Prohaska T, Stingeder G 2005. Speciation of Arsenic. Speciation of Arsenic. In: R Cornelis et al. (eds.). Handbook of Elemental Speciation II. Species in the Environment, Food, Medicine and Occupational Health. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, England, p. 69-93.
Ravenscroft P, Brammer H, Richards KS 2009. Arsenic pollution: a global synthesis. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, U.K./Malden, MA, 588 pp.
Sakuma AM, De Capitani EM, Tiglea PA 2003. Arsênio. In: FA Azevedo, AAM Chasin. Metais: gerenciamento da toxicidade. Atheneu, São Paulo, p. 203-238.
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Heudorf U, Wilhelm M, Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency 2009. Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German environmental survey on children 2003-2006 (GerES IV). International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 212(6): 637-647.
Sims J 2014. Kinross Gold Corporation, Paracatu Project Brazil. National Instrument 43-101. Technical Report.
Smith AH, Ercumen A, Yuan Y, Steinmaus CM 2009. Increased lung cancer risks are similar whether arsenic is ingested or inhaled. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 19(4): 343-348.
Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M 2000. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bull World Health Organ, 78(9): 1093-1103.
Smith AH, Steinmaus CM 2000. Arsenic in urine and drinking water. Environ Health Perspect, 108(11): A494.
Tondel M, Rahman M, Magnuson A, Chowdhury IA, Faruquee MH, Ahmad SA 1999. The relationship of arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence rate of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect, 107(9): 727-729.
Triana DRR, Mertens F, Zúniga CV, Mendoza Y, Nakano EY, Monroy MC 2016. The Role of Gender in Chagas Disease Prevention and Control in Honduras: An Analysis of Communication and Collaboration Networks. EcoHealth, 13: 535-548
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS). Volume I. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. EPA/540/1-89/002. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/swerrims/ riskassessment/ragsa/pdf/rags-vol1-pta_complete.pdf.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1997. Expert Panel on Arsenic Carcinogenicity: Review and Workshop, Technical Report prepared by Eastern Research Group, under contract to EPA. Washington, DC, 100 pp.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1999. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air – Compendium Method IO-3.1 Selection, Preparation and extraction of Filter Material. Cincinnati, Ohio.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2012. Recommendations for Default Value for Relative Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soil. US EPA/OSWER 9200.1-113/2012.
Weihs M, Mertens F 2013. Os desafios da geração do conhecimento em saúde ambiental: uma perspectiva ecossistêmica. Ciencia & Saúde Coletiva, 18:1501-1510.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2001. Environmental health criteria 224: arsenic and arsenic compounds. World Health Organization, Geneva, 512 pp.
Williams PN, Meharg A, Zhang H 2014. Arsenic in Rice: Capturing Microscale Biogeochemical Heterogeneity in Paddy Soils. Abstract n. 2717. Aeolian Research, v. 14.
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2020-03-04
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CASTILHOS, Zuleica Carmen et al. Arsenic Environmental Contamination Assessment and Epidemiological Study of Human Exposure in Paracatu-MG - Brazil. Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 186–211, 2020. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p186-211. Disponível em: https://revistas2.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2899. Acesso em: 24 nov. 2024.
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