Chemical characterization and bioprospecting of cashew tree polyssacharide of Brazilian Cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), Anarcadiaceae
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2017v6i3.p230-246Keywords:
Polysaccharide, Galactomannan, ImmobilizationAbstract
The use of biodegradable polymers arouses great biotechnological interest because their chemical composition favors the interaction with biological systems, allowing applications in health and environment besides are easily decomposed. This work presents the first effort of extraction, characterization and proposition of the polysaccharide of Anacardium othonianum Rizz. (PEJU-GO) as material with potential for biotechnological applications. Based on scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectra and thermogravimetric analysis, the polysaccharide of A. othonianum Rizz. is a microporous structure, with numerous intramolecular interactions due to the presence of polar groups that give the material great thermal stability. In addition to the thin layer chromatographic data, the analysis of the chemical composition demonstrates the existence of a galactomannan type structure, with low protein content. The presence of chalcones and flavonoid compounds were also detected. The polysaccharide was able to immobilize Horseradish peroxidase with 75% efficiency over an extended pH range and presented storage and operational stabilities.
References
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Arrondo JLR, Gonai FM 1999. Structure and dynamics of membrane proteins as studied by infrared spectroscopy. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 72: 367-405.
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Azevedo VVC, Chaves SA, Bezerra DC, Fook MV, Costa ACFM 2007. Quitina e Quitosana: aplicações como biomateriais. REMAP 2(3): 27-34.
Buckeridge MS, Dietrich SMC, Lima DU 2000. Galactomannans as the reserve carbohydrate in legume seeds. Carbohydrate Reserves in Plants – Synthesis and Regulation 26, Elsevier Science, New York, p. 283-315.
Beltrán O, Pinto GL, Martínez M, Picton L, Cozic C, Cerf DL, Muller G 2005. Fractionation and characterization of gum from Acacia tortuosa. Effect of enzymatic and alkaline treatments. Carbohydr Polym 62: 239–244.
Bonatto CC, Silva LP 2014. Higher temperatures speed up the growth and control the size and optoelectrical properties of silver nanoparticles greenly synthesized by cashew nutshells. Ind Crop Prod 58: 46-54.
Botrel DA, Borges SV, Fernandes RVB, Antoniassi R, Faria-Machado AF, Feitosa JPA, De Paula RCM 2017. Application of cashew tree gum on the production and stability of spray-dried fish oil. Food Chem 221: 1522-1529.
Bradford MM 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
Cano-Chauca M, Stringheta PC, Ramos AM, Vidal J 2005. Effect of the carriers on the microstructure of mango powder obtained by spray drying and its functional characterization. Innov Food Sci & Emerg Technol 6: 420-428.
Cantor CR, Schimmel PR 1980. Biophysical Chemistry. Part I. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 365pp.
Ceruks M, Romoff P, Fávero OA, Lago JHG 2007. Constituintes fenólicos polares de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae). Quim Nova 30(3): 597-599.
Chaves MA, Citó AMGL, Lopes JAD, Costa DA, Oliveira CA, Costa AF, Brito-Junior FEM 2010. Fenóis totais, atividade antioxidante e constituintes químicos de extratos de Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae. Rev Bras Farmacogn 20(1): 106-112.
Choong GYH, Focattis DSA 2016. A method for the determination and correction of the effect of thermal degradation on the viscoelastic properties of degradable polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 130: 182 -188.
Chung YC, Kobayashi T, Akiba T, Kudo T 1995. Purification and properties of extracellular amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus profundus DT5432. Appl Environ Microb 1(4): 1502-1506.
Churms SC, Stephen AM 1984. Structural studies of an arabinogalactan-protein from the gum exudates of Acacia robusta. Carbohydr Res 133(1): 150-123.
Cozic C, Picton L, Garda MR, Marlhoux F, Cerf D 2009. Analysis of arabic gum: study of degradation and water desorption processes. Food Hydrocoll 23(7): 1930–1934.
Daoub RMA, Elmubarak AH, Misran M, Hassan EA, Osman ME 2016. Characterization and Functional Properties of some Natural Acacia Gums. J Saudi Soc Agri Sci., in press.
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Godinho, C.S.; Silva, C.M.; Mendes, C.S.O.; Ferreira, P.R.B.; Oliveira, D.A. 2015. Estudo fitoquímico de espécies arbóreas do Cerrado, Rev Multitexto 3(1): 64-70.
Ghosh B, Urban MW 2009. Self-repairing oxetane-substituted chitosan polyurethane networks. Science 323(5920): 1458-60.
Gowthamarajan K, Kumar GKP, Gaikwad NB, Suresh B 2011. Preliminary study of Anacardium occidentale gum as binder in formulation of paracetamol tablets. Carbohydr Polym 83(2): 506-511.
Grubb CD, Abel S 2006. Glucosinolate metabolism and its control. Trends Plant Sci 11(2): 89-100.
Halpin BE, Lee CY 1987. Effect of blanching on enzyme activity and quality changes in green peas. J Food Sci 52(4): 1002-1005.
Harnkarnsujarit N, Sanguansri C 2011. Effect of water activity on sugar crystallization and b-carotene Stability of freeze-dried mango powder. J Food Eng 105: 592-598.
Kalaiarasan E, Palvannan T 2013. Removal of phenols from acidic environment by horseradish peroxidase (HRP): aqueous thermostabilization of HRP by polysaccharide additives. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 11: 51-64.
Liu JZ, Song HY, Weng LP, Ji LN 2002. Increased thermostability and phenol removal efficiency by chemical modified horseradish peroxidase. J Mol Catal B Enzym 18:225–232.
Lomonaco D, Maia FJN, Clemente CS, Mota JPF, Costa-Júnior AE, Mazzeto SE 2012. Thermal studies of new biodiesel antioxidants synthesized from a natural occurring phenolic lipid. Fuel 97: 552-559.
Marques MA, Xavier-Filho J 1991. Enzymatic and inhibitory activities of cashew gum exudate. Phytochemistry 30(5): 143-1433.
Monthé CG, Rao MA 1999. Rheological behavior of aqueous dispersions of cashew gum and gum arabic: effect of concentration and blending. Food Hydrocoll 13: 501-506.
Monteiro AAS, Richter AR, Maciel JS, Paula HCB, De Paula RCM 2015. Efeito da modificação química na solubilidade e intumescimento de microesferas à base de goma do cajueiro carboximetilada e quitosana. Polímeros 25: 31-39.
Na SY, Lee Y 2017. Elimination of trace organic contaminants during enhanced wastewater treatment with horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide (HRP/H2O2). Catal Today 282: 86-94.
Naves RV 1999. Espécies frutíferas nativas do cerrado de Goiás, caracterização e influências do clima e dos solos PhD thesis, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 206pp.
Niu J, Xu J, Dai Y, Xu J, Guo H, Sun K, Liu R 2013. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase by electrospun fibrous membranes for adsorption and degradation of pentachlorophenol in water. J Hazard Mater 246-247: 119-125.
Pang J, Jian W, Wang L, Wu C, Liu Y, Tang HJX 2012. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis on surface modification of Konjac glucomannan membrane by nitrogen plasma treatment. Carbohydr Polym 17: 369-372.
Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, Randeria NP, Nagar BJ, Naikwadi NN, Variya BC 2013. Galactomannan: A versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 60: 83-92.
Radi PA, Terrones MGH 2007. Metabólitos secundários de plantas medicinais. Rev Bras Farm 20(2): 18-22.
Ramesh H, Tharanathan RN 1999. Water-extrated polysaccharides of selected cereals and influence of temperature on the extractability of polisaccharides in sorghum. Food Chem 64: 345-350.
Ribeiro AJ, De Souza FRL, Bezerra JMNA, Oliveira C, Nadvorny D, Soares MFR, Nunes LCC, Silva-Filho EC, Veiga F, Soares-Sobrinho JL 2016. Gum’s based delivery systems: Review on cashew gum and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 147: 188-200.
Rinaudo M, Milas M 1991. Polieletrólitos. In: Groote RAMC, Curvelo AAS (ed.). USP, São Carlos, Oral Comunication.
Ritter M, Martins RM, Rosa SR, Malavolta JL, Lud RG, Floresd AFC, Pereira CMP 2015. Green Synthesis of Chalcones and Microbiological Evaluation. J Braz Chem Soc 26(6): 1201-1210.
Rodrigues JF, De Paula RCM, Costa SM 1993. Métodos de Isolamento de Gomas Naturais: Comparação Através da Goma do Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L). Polim Cienc Tecnol 1: 31-36
Sekkal N, Taleb-Mokhtari IN, Sekkal-Rahal M, Bleckmann P, Vergoten G 2003. Harmonic dynamics of a- and b-methyl-D-galactopyranoside in the crystalline state Spectrochim Acta Part A 59: 2883-2896.
Shi Y, Li C, Zhang L, Huang T, Ma D, Tu Z, Wang H, Xie H, Zhang N, Ouyang B 2017. Characterization and emulsifying properties of octenyl succinate anhydride modified Acacia seyal gum (gum arabic). Food Hydrocoll 65: 10-16.
Silva DA, Feitosa JPA, Paula HCB, De Paula RCM 2009. Synthesis and characterization of cashew gum/acrylic acid nanoparticles. Mat Sci Eng C 29(2): 437-441.
Silva DB, Silva JA, Junqueira NTV, Andrade LRM 2001. Frutas do Cerrado. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, Brasília, p. 46-78
Silva EC, Paola MVRV, Matos JR 2007. Análise térmica aplicada à cosmetologia. Rev Bras Cienc Farm 43(3): 347-356.
Silva FEF, Batista KA, Di-Medeiros MCB, Silva CNS, Moreira BR, Fernandes KF 2016. A stimuli-responsive and bioactive film based on blended polyvinyl alcohol and cashew gum polysaccharide. Mat Sci Eng C 58: 927-934.
Silva T.M, Santiago P.O.; Purcena, L.L.A. Fernandes, K.F. Study of the cashew gum polysaccharide for the horseradish peroxidase immobilization: structural characteristics, stability and recovery. Mat Sci Eng C 30(4): 526-530.
Silverstein RM, Bassler GC, Morril TC 2000. Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos. 5ª edição, LTC Editora, Rio de Janeiro, 460 pp.
Sousa AGO, Fernandes DC, Alves AM, De Freitas JB, Naves MMV 2011. Nutritional quality and protein value of exotic almonds and nut from the Brazilian Savanna compared to peanut. Food Res Int 44(7): 2319-2325.
Thude S, Classen B 2005. High molecular weight constituents from roots of Echinacea pallida: An arabinogalactan-protein and an arabinan. Phytochem 66: 1026–1032.
Vilela AC, Ravetta DA 2005. Gum exudation in South-American species of Prosopis L. (Mimosaceae). J Arid Environ 60: 389-395.
Wang H, Williams PA, Senan C 2014. Synthesis, characterization and emulsification properties of dodecenyl succinic anhydride derivatives of gum arabic. Food Hydrocoll 37: 143-148.
Wang Z, Wu J, Zhu L, Zhan X 2017. Characterization of xanthan gum produced from glycerol by a mutantstrain Xanthomonas campestris CCTCC M2015714. Carbohydr Polym 157: 521-526.
Wolkers WF, Oliver AE, Tablin F, Crowe JH 2004. A Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study of sugar glasses. Carbohydr Res 339(6): 1077-1085.
Wu C, Peng S, Wen C, Wang X, Fan L, Deng R, Pang J 2012. Structural characterization and properties of konjac glucomannan/curdlan blend films. Carbohydr Polym 89: 497-503.
Xu X, Li B, Kennedy JF, Xie BJ, Huang M 2007. Characterization of konjac glucomannan–gellan gum blend films and their suitability for release of nisin incorporated therein. Carbohydr Polym 70: 192-197.
Zohuriaan MJ, Shokrolahi F 2004. Thermal studies on natural and modified gums. Polym. Testing 23(5):575-579.
Akhtar S, Husain Q 2006. Potential applications of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidase in the removal of phenols from polluted water. Chemosphere 65(7): 1228–1235.
Arrondo JLR, Gonai FM 1999. Structure and dynamics of membrane proteins as studied by infrared spectroscopy. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 72: 367-405.
Azero EG, Andrade CT 1999. Extração e Caracterização da Galactomanana de Sementes de Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Polim Cienc Tecnol 9(2): 54-59.
Azevedo VVC, Chaves SA, Bezerra DC, Fook MV, Costa ACFM 2007. Quitina e Quitosana: aplicações como biomateriais. REMAP 2(3): 27-34.
Buckeridge MS, Dietrich SMC, Lima DU 2000. Galactomannans as the reserve carbohydrate in legume seeds. Carbohydrate Reserves in Plants – Synthesis and Regulation 26, Elsevier Science, New York, p. 283-315.
Beltrán O, Pinto GL, Martínez M, Picton L, Cozic C, Cerf DL, Muller G 2005. Fractionation and characterization of gum from Acacia tortuosa. Effect of enzymatic and alkaline treatments. Carbohydr Polym 62: 239–244.
Bonatto CC, Silva LP 2014. Higher temperatures speed up the growth and control the size and optoelectrical properties of silver nanoparticles greenly synthesized by cashew nutshells. Ind Crop Prod 58: 46-54.
Botrel DA, Borges SV, Fernandes RVB, Antoniassi R, Faria-Machado AF, Feitosa JPA, De Paula RCM 2017. Application of cashew tree gum on the production and stability of spray-dried fish oil. Food Chem 221: 1522-1529.
Bradford MM 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
Cano-Chauca M, Stringheta PC, Ramos AM, Vidal J 2005. Effect of the carriers on the microstructure of mango powder obtained by spray drying and its functional characterization. Innov Food Sci & Emerg Technol 6: 420-428.
Cantor CR, Schimmel PR 1980. Biophysical Chemistry. Part I. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 365pp.
Ceruks M, Romoff P, Fávero OA, Lago JHG 2007. Constituintes fenólicos polares de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae). Quim Nova 30(3): 597-599.
Chaves MA, Citó AMGL, Lopes JAD, Costa DA, Oliveira CA, Costa AF, Brito-Junior FEM 2010. Fenóis totais, atividade antioxidante e constituintes químicos de extratos de Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae. Rev Bras Farmacogn 20(1): 106-112.
Choong GYH, Focattis DSA 2016. A method for the determination and correction of the effect of thermal degradation on the viscoelastic properties of degradable polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 130: 182 -188.
Chung YC, Kobayashi T, Akiba T, Kudo T 1995. Purification and properties of extracellular amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus profundus DT5432. Appl Environ Microb 1(4): 1502-1506.
Churms SC, Stephen AM 1984. Structural studies of an arabinogalactan-protein from the gum exudates of Acacia robusta. Carbohydr Res 133(1): 150-123.
Cozic C, Picton L, Garda MR, Marlhoux F, Cerf D 2009. Analysis of arabic gum: study of degradation and water desorption processes. Food Hydrocoll 23(7): 1930–1934.
Daoub RMA, Elmubarak AH, Misran M, Hassan EA, Osman ME 2016. Characterization and Functional Properties of some Natural Acacia Gums. J Saudi Soc Agri Sci., in press.
De Pinto GL, Martinez M, Mendoza JA, Ocando E, Rivas C 1995. Comparison of three Anacardiaceae gum exudates. Biocheml Syst Ecol 23(2): 151-156.
Evaporimetric Station 2016 [homepage on the Internet] School of Agronomy, Federal University of Goiás, Available from: https://www.agro.ufg.br/p/7944-estacao evaporimetrica.
Gashtasbi F, Ahmadian G, Noghabi KA 2014. New insights into the effectiveness of alpha-amylase enzyme presentation on the Bacillus subtilis spore surface by adsorption and covalent immobilization. Enzym Microb Technol 64-65:17-23.
Godinho, C.S.; Silva, C.M.; Mendes, C.S.O.; Ferreira, P.R.B.; Oliveira, D.A. 2015. Estudo fitoquímico de espécies arbóreas do Cerrado, Rev Multitexto 3(1): 64-70.
Ghosh B, Urban MW 2009. Self-repairing oxetane-substituted chitosan polyurethane networks. Science 323(5920): 1458-60.
Gowthamarajan K, Kumar GKP, Gaikwad NB, Suresh B 2011. Preliminary study of Anacardium occidentale gum as binder in formulation of paracetamol tablets. Carbohydr Polym 83(2): 506-511.
Grubb CD, Abel S 2006. Glucosinolate metabolism and its control. Trends Plant Sci 11(2): 89-100.
Halpin BE, Lee CY 1987. Effect of blanching on enzyme activity and quality changes in green peas. J Food Sci 52(4): 1002-1005.
Harnkarnsujarit N, Sanguansri C 2011. Effect of water activity on sugar crystallization and b-carotene Stability of freeze-dried mango powder. J Food Eng 105: 592-598.
Kalaiarasan E, Palvannan T 2013. Removal of phenols from acidic environment by horseradish peroxidase (HRP): aqueous thermostabilization of HRP by polysaccharide additives. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 11: 51-64.
Liu JZ, Song HY, Weng LP, Ji LN 2002. Increased thermostability and phenol removal efficiency by chemical modified horseradish peroxidase. J Mol Catal B Enzym 18:225–232.
Lomonaco D, Maia FJN, Clemente CS, Mota JPF, Costa-Júnior AE, Mazzeto SE 2012. Thermal studies of new biodiesel antioxidants synthesized from a natural occurring phenolic lipid. Fuel 97: 552-559.
Marques MA, Xavier-Filho J 1991. Enzymatic and inhibitory activities of cashew gum exudate. Phytochemistry 30(5): 143-1433.
Monthé CG, Rao MA 1999. Rheological behavior of aqueous dispersions of cashew gum and gum arabic: effect of concentration and blending. Food Hydrocoll 13: 501-506.
Monteiro AAS, Richter AR, Maciel JS, Paula HCB, De Paula RCM 2015. Efeito da modificação química na solubilidade e intumescimento de microesferas à base de goma do cajueiro carboximetilada e quitosana. Polímeros 25: 31-39.
Na SY, Lee Y 2017. Elimination of trace organic contaminants during enhanced wastewater treatment with horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide (HRP/H2O2). Catal Today 282: 86-94.
Naves RV 1999. Espécies frutíferas nativas do cerrado de Goiás, caracterização e influências do clima e dos solos PhD thesis, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 206pp.
Niu J, Xu J, Dai Y, Xu J, Guo H, Sun K, Liu R 2013. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase by electrospun fibrous membranes for adsorption and degradation of pentachlorophenol in water. J Hazard Mater 246-247: 119-125.
Pang J, Jian W, Wang L, Wu C, Liu Y, Tang HJX 2012. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis on surface modification of Konjac glucomannan membrane by nitrogen plasma treatment. Carbohydr Polym 17: 369-372.
Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, Randeria NP, Nagar BJ, Naikwadi NN, Variya BC 2013. Galactomannan: A versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 60: 83-92.
Radi PA, Terrones MGH 2007. Metabólitos secundários de plantas medicinais. Rev Bras Farm 20(2): 18-22.
Ramesh H, Tharanathan RN 1999. Water-extrated polysaccharides of selected cereals and influence of temperature on the extractability of polisaccharides in sorghum. Food Chem 64: 345-350.
Ribeiro AJ, De Souza FRL, Bezerra JMNA, Oliveira C, Nadvorny D, Soares MFR, Nunes LCC, Silva-Filho EC, Veiga F, Soares-Sobrinho JL 2016. Gum’s based delivery systems: Review on cashew gum and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 147: 188-200.
Rinaudo M, Milas M 1991. Polieletrólitos. In: Groote RAMC, Curvelo AAS (ed.). USP, São Carlos, Oral Comunication.
Ritter M, Martins RM, Rosa SR, Malavolta JL, Lud RG, Floresd AFC, Pereira CMP 2015. Green Synthesis of Chalcones and Microbiological Evaluation. J Braz Chem Soc 26(6): 1201-1210.
Rodrigues JF, De Paula RCM, Costa SM 1993. Métodos de Isolamento de Gomas Naturais: Comparação Através da Goma do Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L). Polim Cienc Tecnol 1: 31-36
Sekkal N, Taleb-Mokhtari IN, Sekkal-Rahal M, Bleckmann P, Vergoten G 2003. Harmonic dynamics of a- and b-methyl-D-galactopyranoside in the crystalline state Spectrochim Acta Part A 59: 2883-2896.
Shi Y, Li C, Zhang L, Huang T, Ma D, Tu Z, Wang H, Xie H, Zhang N, Ouyang B 2017. Characterization and emulsifying properties of octenyl succinate anhydride modified Acacia seyal gum (gum arabic). Food Hydrocoll 65: 10-16.
Silva DA, Feitosa JPA, Paula HCB, De Paula RCM 2009. Synthesis and characterization of cashew gum/acrylic acid nanoparticles. Mat Sci Eng C 29(2): 437-441.
Silva DB, Silva JA, Junqueira NTV, Andrade LRM 2001. Frutas do Cerrado. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, Brasília, p. 46-78
Silva EC, Paola MVRV, Matos JR 2007. Análise térmica aplicada à cosmetologia. Rev Bras Cienc Farm 43(3): 347-356.
Silva FEF, Batista KA, Di-Medeiros MCB, Silva CNS, Moreira BR, Fernandes KF 2016. A stimuli-responsive and bioactive film based on blended polyvinyl alcohol and cashew gum polysaccharide. Mat Sci Eng C 58: 927-934.
Silva T.M, Santiago P.O.; Purcena, L.L.A. Fernandes, K.F. Study of the cashew gum polysaccharide for the horseradish peroxidase immobilization: structural characteristics, stability and recovery. Mat Sci Eng C 30(4): 526-530.
Silverstein RM, Bassler GC, Morril TC 2000. Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos. 5ª edição, LTC Editora, Rio de Janeiro, 460 pp.
Sousa AGO, Fernandes DC, Alves AM, De Freitas JB, Naves MMV 2011. Nutritional quality and protein value of exotic almonds and nut from the Brazilian Savanna compared to peanut. Food Res Int 44(7): 2319-2325.
Thude S, Classen B 2005. High molecular weight constituents from roots of Echinacea pallida: An arabinogalactan-protein and an arabinan. Phytochem 66: 1026–1032.
Vilela AC, Ravetta DA 2005. Gum exudation in South-American species of Prosopis L. (Mimosaceae). J Arid Environ 60: 389-395.
Wang H, Williams PA, Senan C 2014. Synthesis, characterization and emulsification properties of dodecenyl succinic anhydride derivatives of gum arabic. Food Hydrocoll 37: 143-148.
Wang Z, Wu J, Zhu L, Zhan X 2017. Characterization of xanthan gum produced from glycerol by a mutantstrain Xanthomonas campestris CCTCC M2015714. Carbohydr Polym 157: 521-526.
Wolkers WF, Oliver AE, Tablin F, Crowe JH 2004. A Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study of sugar glasses. Carbohydr Res 339(6): 1077-1085.
Wu C, Peng S, Wen C, Wang X, Fan L, Deng R, Pang J 2012. Structural characterization and properties of konjac glucomannan/curdlan blend films. Carbohydr Polym 89: 497-503.
Xu X, Li B, Kennedy JF, Xie BJ, Huang M 2007. Characterization of konjac glucomannan–gellan gum blend films and their suitability for release of nisin incorporated therein. Carbohydr Polym 70: 192-197.
Zohuriaan MJ, Shokrolahi F 2004. Thermal studies on natural and modified gums. Polym. Testing 23(5):575-579.
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2017-12-31
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SILVA, Thâmara Machado; SOUZA, Eli Regina Barboza; DE PAULA, Joelma Abadia Marciano; CARAMORI, Samantha Salomão; BORGES, Leonardo Luiz. Chemical characterization and bioprospecting of cashew tree polyssacharide of Brazilian Cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), Anarcadiaceae. Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 3, p. 230–246, 2017. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2017v6i3.p230-246. Disponível em: https://revistas2.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2120. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.
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