Dry Sand Quality: The Case Study of a Touristic Beach from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p32-52Palavras-chave:
Chuva, Coliformes Termotolerantes, Bactérias Fecais, LegislaçãoResumo
A contaminação costeira tornou-se uma crescente preocupação de saúde pública. Surtos de doenças entéricas e a ocorrência de dermatites e micoses durante o verão nas áreas de lazer estão geralmente associados à poluição da água do mar. Os microorganismos patogênicos podem atingir áreas costeiras através de descargas de esgoto, comprometendo a água do mar e a qualidade da praia. Embora a transmissão de doenças entéricas pela areia ainda não esteja clara, existe uma preocupação de que a areia possa atuar como reservatório ou vetor da infecção para seres humanos. Nesse contexto, as principais hipóteses deste estudo foram: (i) alterações na densidade dos coliformes fecais nos compartimentos da praia; (ii) areia seca é o compartimento de praia mais contaminado; (ii) as densidades de coliformes fecais estão dentro dos limites do padrão internacional para areia. Portanto, este estudo de caso quantificou e comparou por três meses as densidades de colformes totais (CT) e termotolerantes (TEC) na água do mar, areia molhada e seca de uma praia turística escolhida do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Além disso, para contribuir para o gerenciamento das praias costeiras, os dados de contaminação da areia pesquisados foram comparados com os limites padrão vigentes em todo o mundo até abril de 2018 para verificar a adequação. A praia Vermelha deve ser considerada uma praia de referência para o monitoramento de areia no Brasil. Apesar de ser uma zona tampão da unidade de conservação MONA Pão Açúcar, está sujeita a intensa pressão turística. Mesmo assim, as densidades de bactérias fecais quantificadas na praia Vermelha estavam dentro dos padrões de “excelente” areia e água de qualidade, de acordo com a legislação / diretrizes vigentes. No entanto, a areia seca foi o compartimento mais contaminado, seguido pela água do mar e areia úmida. A densidade bacteriana na areia seca foi até 4.600 vezes maior que a areia úmida. Exceto na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, as diretrizes recreativas para a qualidade das praias são exclusivas para a contaminação da água do mar. Não existem parâmetros estabelecidos para a classificação de areia recreativa na praia, apenas recomendações, incluindo Portugal. O monitoramento da areia seca na praia é fundamental para reduzir o risco de exposição dos banhistas a estes patógenos.
Referências
Abdelzaher, A. M., M. E. Wright, C. Ortega, H. M. Solo-Gabriele, G. Miller, S. Elmir, X. Newman, et al. 2010. “Presence of Pathogens and Indicator Microbes at a Non-Point Source Subtropical Recreational Marine Beach.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76 (3): 724–32. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02127-09.
Abreu, Roberto, Celso Figueira, Daniela Romão, João Brandão, M. Conceição Freitas, César Andrade, Graça Calado, Carmen Ferreira, Ana Campos, and Susana Prada. 2016. “Sediment Characteristics and Microbiological Contamination of Beach Sand – A Case–Study in the Archipelago of Madeira.” Science of The Total Environment 573 (December): 627–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.160.
Ackerman, Drew, and Stephen B. Weisberg. 2003. “Relationship between Rainfall and Beach Bacterial Concentrations on Santa Monica Bay Beaches.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (2): 85–87. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
APHA, American Public Health Association. 1992. “APHA Method 9221: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.”
———. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. Edited by Andrew D. Eaton, Mary Ann H. Franson, and American Public Health Association. 21st ed. Amer Public Health Assn. http://books.google.com/books?id=buTn1rmfSI4C&pgis=1.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Lauren M. Sassoubre. 2014. Enterococci as Indicators of Environmental Fecal Contamination. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649503.
Boehm, Alexandria B, and Jeffrey A Soller. 2012. “Risks Associated with Recreational Waters: Pathogens and Fecal Indicators.” In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, edited by Robert A. Meyers, 441–59. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3.
Brandão, J, C Silva, F Ferreira, and H Antoniazzi. 2011. “Monitorização Da Qualidade Das Areias Em Zonas Balneares - Época Balnear de 2010.”
Brasil, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). 2000. Resolução CONAMA No 273, de 29 de Novembro de 2000.
Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N., Meredith B. Nevers, Asja Korajkic, Zachery R. Staley, and Valerie J. Harwood. 2012. “Enterococci in the Environment.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (4): 685–706. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00023-12.
Cabelli. 1983. “Health Effects Criteria for Marine Recreational Waters.” 1983. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/bathing-water-quality/health-effects-criteria-for-marine.
Canada, Minister of Health. 2012. Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality Third Edition. http://www.healthcanada.gc.ca/.
CETESB, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. 2007. “Coliformes Termotolerantes: Determinação Em Amostras Ambientais Pela Técnica de Tubos Múltiplos Com Meio A1 – Método de Ensaio.”
Dwight, Ryan H., Linda M. Fernandez, Dean B. Baker, Jan C. Semenza, and Betty H. Olson. 2005. “Estimating the Economic Burden from Illnesses Associated with Recreational Coastal Water Pollution—a Case Study in Orange County, California.” Journal of Environmental Management 76 (2): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.017.
Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E.M. de Paula, Ricardo Coutinho, et al. 2015. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.” Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232.
Halliday, Elizabeth, and Rebecca J. Gast. 2011. “Bacteria in Beach Sands: An Emerging Challenge in Protecting Coastal Water Quality and Bather Health.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (2): 370–79. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102747s.
Heaney, Christopher D., Elizabeth Sams, Alfred P. Dufour, Kristen P. Brenner, Richard A. Haugland, Eunice Chern, Steve Wing, et al. 2012. “Fecal Indicators in Sand, Sand Contact, and Risk of Enteric Illness Among Beachgoers.” Epidemiology 23 (1): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b504c.
IOS, International Organization for Standardization. 1998. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 1: Miniaturized Method (Most Probable Number) by Inoculation in Liquid Media.” https://www.iso.org/standard/14852.html.
———. 2000. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method.” https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7899:-2:ed-2:v1:en.
Khiyama, H M, and J C Makemson. 1973. “Sand Beach Bacteria: Enumeration and Characterization.” Applied Microbiology 26 (3): 293–97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4356458.
Lescreck, Marina Camargo, Renata Gomes Gerais Petroni, Fernando Sanzi Cortez, Aldo Ramos Santos, Pollyanna Oliveira Coutinho, and Fabio Hermes Pusceddu. 2016. “Análise Da Qualidade Sanitária Da Areia Das Praias de Santos, Litoral Do Estado de São Paulo.” Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 21 (4): 777–82. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522016149550.
Mancini, L., A.M. D’Angelo, E. Pierdominici, C. Ferrari, A. Anselmo, L. Venturi, L. Fazzo, P. Formichetti, M. Iaconelli, and B. Pennelli. 2005. “Microbiological Quality of Italian Beach Sands.” Microchemical Journal 79 (1–2): 257–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2004.10.013.
Mendes, B., M. J. Nascimento, and J. S. Oliveira. 1993. “Preliminary Characterisation and Proposal of Microbiological Quality Standard of Sand Beaches.” Water Science and Technology 27 (3–4): 453–56. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0391.
Mendes, B, J Nascimento, P Urbano, C Alves, N Lapa, and JS Oliveira. 1996. “Microbiological Quality of the Sand Beaches in Portugal.” Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 9: 181–90. www.witpress.com,.
Nevers, Meredith B., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. Modeling Fate and Transport of Fecal Bacteria in Surface Water.
Noble, Rachel T, Stephen B Weisberg, Molly K Leecaster, Charles D McGee, John H Dorsey, Patricia Vainik, and Victoria Orozco-Borbón. 2003. “Storm Effects on Regional Beach Water Quality along the Southern California Shoreline.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (1): 23–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384270.
Pereira, Elisabete, Celso Figueira, Nuno Aguiar, Rita Vasconcelos, Sílvia Vasconcelos, Graça Calado, João Brandão, and Susana Prada. 2013. “Microbiological and Mycological Beach Sand Quality in a Volcanic Environment: Madeira Archipelago, Portugal.” Science of The Total Environment 461–462 (September): 469–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.025.
Phillips, Matthew C., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Alan M. Piggot, James S. Klaus, and Yifan Zhang. 2011. “Relationships between Sand and Water Quality at Recreational Beaches.” Water Research 45 (20): 6763–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.028.
Pinto, K. C., E. M. Hachich, M. I.Z. Sato, M. Di Bari, M. C.L.S. Coelho, M. H. Matté, C. C. Lamparelli, and M. T.P. Razzolini. 2012. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Sand and Water from Three Selected Beaches of South Coast, São Paulo State, Brazil.” Water Science and Technology 66 (11): 2475–82. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.494.
Praveena, Sarva Mangala, Siti Shafiqa Shamira, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, and Ahmad Zaharin Aris. 2016. “Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Tropical Beach Sand: Baseline Findings from Port Dickson Coastline, Strait of Malacca (Malaysia).” Marine Pollution Bulletin 110 (1): 609–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.024.
PRJ, Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. 2001. Decreto No 20.225 de 13 de Julho de 2001.
Pruss, A. 1998. “Review of Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects from Exposure to Recreational Water.” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.1.1.
Ribeiro, Cesar H.A., and Bjorn Kjerfve. 2002. “Anthropogenic Influence on the Water Quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 3 (1–3): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-001-0037-5.
Rozen, Yael, and Shimshon Belkin. 2001. “Survival of Enteric Bacteria in Seawater.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25 (5): 513–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00589.x.
Sabino, R., R. Rodrigues, I. Costa, C. Carneiro, M. Cunha, A. Duarte, N. Faria, et al. 2014. “Routine Screening of Harmful Microorganisms in Beach Sands: Implications to Public Health.” Science of the Total Environment 472 (February): 1062–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091.
Sampson, Reyneé W., Sarah A. Swiatnicki, Colleen M. McDermott, and Gregory T. Kleinheinz. 2006. “The Effects of Rainfall on Escherichia Coli and Total Coliform Levels at 15 Lake Superior Recreational Beaches.” Water Resources Management 20 (1): 151–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-5528-1.
Schulz, Christopher J., and Gary W. Childers. 2011. “Fecal Bacteroidales Diversity and Decay in Response to Variations in Temperature and Salinity.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (8): 2563–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01473-10.
Shuval, Hillel. 2003. “Estimating the Global Burden of Thalassogenic Diseases: Human Infectious Diseases Caused by Wastewater Pollution of the Marine Environment.”
Silva, Maria Augusta Martins Da, André Luiz Carvalho da Silva, Carla Luiza dos Santos, Carolina Pereira Silvestre, Raphael Viana Marinho Antonio, Ana Beatriz Coelho da Cunha, Jaciele da Costa Abreu Gralato, and Renata Domingues de Souza. 2016. “Praias Da Baía de Guanabara No Estado Do Rio de Janeiro.” Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 17 (2). https://doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v17i2.839.
SMAC, Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente. 2010. Resolução SMAC No 468 de 28 de Janeiro de 2010.
———. 2013. “Monumento Natural Dos Morros Do Pão de Açúcar e Da Urca.” 2013. http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/4462114/4114375/ResumoPlanodeManejoMONAdosMorrosdoPaodeAcucaredaUrca.pdf.
Solo-Gabriele, Helena M., Valerie J. Harwood, David Kay, Roger S. Fujioka, Michael J. Sadowsky, Richard L. Whitman, Andrew Wither, et al. 2016. “Beach Sand and the Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission: Observations and Recommendations.” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96 (1): 101–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415000843.
Testolin, Renan C., Tito C.M. Almeida, Marcus Polette, Joaquim O. Branco, Larissa L. Fischer, Guilherme Niero, Gabriel Poyer-Radetski, et al. 2017. “Comparing Different Methods for Fast Screening of Microbiological Quality of Beach Sand Aimed at Rapid-Response Remediation.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 118 (1–2): 206–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.069.
The Council of the European Union. 2006. “Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 Concerning the Management of Bathing Water Quality and Repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.” 2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0007.
Vieira, Regine H.S.F., Karla M. Catter, Silvana Saker-Sampaio, Dália P. Rodrigues, Grace N.D. Theophilo, and Antonio A. Fonteles-Filho. 2002. “The Stormwater Drain System as a Pollution Vector of the Seashore in Fortaleza (Ceará State, Brazil).” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 33 (4). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822002000400003.
Wade, Timothy J., Rebecca L. Calderon, Elizabeth Sams, Michael Beach, Kristen P. Brenner, Ann H. Williams, and Alfred P. Dufour. 2006. “Rapidly Measured Indicators of Recreational Water Quality Are Predictive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (1): 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8273.
Wagener, Angela de L.R. 2005. “Constraints to the Implementation of Effective Environmental Management in Coastal Areas of Developing Countries.” Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 77 (4): 613–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652005000400004.
Wang, John D., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Amir M. Abdelzaher, and Lora E. Fleming. 2010. “Estimation of Enterococci Input from Bathers and Animals on a Recreational Beach Using Camera Images.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 60 (8): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.016.
Whitman, Richard L., Zhongfu Ge, Meredith B. Nevers, Alexandria B. Boehm, Eunice C. Chern, Richard A. Haugland, Ashley M. Lukasik, et al. 2010. “Relationship and Variation of QPCR and Culturable Enterococci Estimates in Ambient Surface Waters Are Predictable.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (13): 5049–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9028974.
WHO, World Health Organization. 2003. “Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Volume 1, Coastal and Fresh-Waters.”
Wiedenmann, Albrecht, Petra Krüger, Klaus Dietz, Juan M. López-Pila, Regine Szewzyk, and Konrad Botzenhart. 2006. “A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia Coli, Intestinal Enterococci; Clostridium Perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2): 228–36. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8115.
Yamahara, Kevan M., Blythe A. Layton, Alyson E. Santoro, and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2007. “Beach Sands along the California Coast Are Diffuse Sources of Fecal Bacteria to Coastal Waters.” Environmental Science & Technology 41 (13): 4515–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062822n.
Yau, Vincent, Timothy J. Wade, Carol K. de Wilde, and John M. Colford. 2009. “Skin-Related Symptoms Following Exposure to Recreational Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Water Quality, Exposure and Health 1 (2): 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-009-0012-9.
Zhang, Weiwei, Juying Wang, Jingfeng Fan, Dalu Gao, and Hongyan Ju. 2013. “Effects of Rainfall on Microbial Water Quality on Qingdao No. 1 Bathing Beach, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 66 (1–2): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.015.
Abreu, Roberto, Celso Figueira, Daniela Romão, João Brandão, M. Conceição Freitas, César Andrade, Graça Calado, Carmen Ferreira, Ana Campos, and Susana Prada. 2016. “Sediment Characteristics and Microbiological Contamination of Beach Sand – A Case–Study in the Archipelago of Madeira.” Science of The Total Environment 573 (December): 627–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.160.
Ackerman, Drew, and Stephen B. Weisberg. 2003. “Relationship between Rainfall and Beach Bacterial Concentrations on Santa Monica Bay Beaches.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (2): 85–87. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
APHA, American Public Health Association. 1992. “APHA Method 9221: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.”
———. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. Edited by Andrew D. Eaton, Mary Ann H. Franson, and American Public Health Association. 21st ed. Amer Public Health Assn. http://books.google.com/books?id=buTn1rmfSI4C&pgis=1.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Lauren M. Sassoubre. 2014. Enterococci as Indicators of Environmental Fecal Contamination. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649503.
Boehm, Alexandria B, and Jeffrey A Soller. 2012. “Risks Associated with Recreational Waters: Pathogens and Fecal Indicators.” In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, edited by Robert A. Meyers, 441–59. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3.
Brandão, J, C Silva, F Ferreira, and H Antoniazzi. 2011. “Monitorização Da Qualidade Das Areias Em Zonas Balneares - Época Balnear de 2010.”
Brasil, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). 2000. Resolução CONAMA No 273, de 29 de Novembro de 2000.
Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N., Meredith B. Nevers, Asja Korajkic, Zachery R. Staley, and Valerie J. Harwood. 2012. “Enterococci in the Environment.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (4): 685–706. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00023-12.
Cabelli. 1983. “Health Effects Criteria for Marine Recreational Waters.” 1983. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/bathing-water-quality/health-effects-criteria-for-marine.
Canada, Minister of Health. 2012. Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality Third Edition. http://www.healthcanada.gc.ca/.
CETESB, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. 2007. “Coliformes Termotolerantes: Determinação Em Amostras Ambientais Pela Técnica de Tubos Múltiplos Com Meio A1 – Método de Ensaio.”
Dwight, Ryan H., Linda M. Fernandez, Dean B. Baker, Jan C. Semenza, and Betty H. Olson. 2005. “Estimating the Economic Burden from Illnesses Associated with Recreational Coastal Water Pollution—a Case Study in Orange County, California.” Journal of Environmental Management 76 (2): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.017.
Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E.M. de Paula, Ricardo Coutinho, et al. 2015. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.” Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232.
Halliday, Elizabeth, and Rebecca J. Gast. 2011. “Bacteria in Beach Sands: An Emerging Challenge in Protecting Coastal Water Quality and Bather Health.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (2): 370–79. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102747s.
Heaney, Christopher D., Elizabeth Sams, Alfred P. Dufour, Kristen P. Brenner, Richard A. Haugland, Eunice Chern, Steve Wing, et al. 2012. “Fecal Indicators in Sand, Sand Contact, and Risk of Enteric Illness Among Beachgoers.” Epidemiology 23 (1): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b504c.
IOS, International Organization for Standardization. 1998. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 1: Miniaturized Method (Most Probable Number) by Inoculation in Liquid Media.” https://www.iso.org/standard/14852.html.
———. 2000. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method.” https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7899:-2:ed-2:v1:en.
Khiyama, H M, and J C Makemson. 1973. “Sand Beach Bacteria: Enumeration and Characterization.” Applied Microbiology 26 (3): 293–97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4356458.
Lescreck, Marina Camargo, Renata Gomes Gerais Petroni, Fernando Sanzi Cortez, Aldo Ramos Santos, Pollyanna Oliveira Coutinho, and Fabio Hermes Pusceddu. 2016. “Análise Da Qualidade Sanitária Da Areia Das Praias de Santos, Litoral Do Estado de São Paulo.” Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 21 (4): 777–82. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522016149550.
Mancini, L., A.M. D’Angelo, E. Pierdominici, C. Ferrari, A. Anselmo, L. Venturi, L. Fazzo, P. Formichetti, M. Iaconelli, and B. Pennelli. 2005. “Microbiological Quality of Italian Beach Sands.” Microchemical Journal 79 (1–2): 257–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2004.10.013.
Mendes, B., M. J. Nascimento, and J. S. Oliveira. 1993. “Preliminary Characterisation and Proposal of Microbiological Quality Standard of Sand Beaches.” Water Science and Technology 27 (3–4): 453–56. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0391.
Mendes, B, J Nascimento, P Urbano, C Alves, N Lapa, and JS Oliveira. 1996. “Microbiological Quality of the Sand Beaches in Portugal.” Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 9: 181–90. www.witpress.com,.
Nevers, Meredith B., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. Modeling Fate and Transport of Fecal Bacteria in Surface Water.
Noble, Rachel T, Stephen B Weisberg, Molly K Leecaster, Charles D McGee, John H Dorsey, Patricia Vainik, and Victoria Orozco-Borbón. 2003. “Storm Effects on Regional Beach Water Quality along the Southern California Shoreline.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (1): 23–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384270.
Pereira, Elisabete, Celso Figueira, Nuno Aguiar, Rita Vasconcelos, Sílvia Vasconcelos, Graça Calado, João Brandão, and Susana Prada. 2013. “Microbiological and Mycological Beach Sand Quality in a Volcanic Environment: Madeira Archipelago, Portugal.” Science of The Total Environment 461–462 (September): 469–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.025.
Phillips, Matthew C., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Alan M. Piggot, James S. Klaus, and Yifan Zhang. 2011. “Relationships between Sand and Water Quality at Recreational Beaches.” Water Research 45 (20): 6763–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.028.
Pinto, K. C., E. M. Hachich, M. I.Z. Sato, M. Di Bari, M. C.L.S. Coelho, M. H. Matté, C. C. Lamparelli, and M. T.P. Razzolini. 2012. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Sand and Water from Three Selected Beaches of South Coast, São Paulo State, Brazil.” Water Science and Technology 66 (11): 2475–82. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.494.
Praveena, Sarva Mangala, Siti Shafiqa Shamira, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, and Ahmad Zaharin Aris. 2016. “Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Tropical Beach Sand: Baseline Findings from Port Dickson Coastline, Strait of Malacca (Malaysia).” Marine Pollution Bulletin 110 (1): 609–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.024.
PRJ, Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. 2001. Decreto No 20.225 de 13 de Julho de 2001.
Pruss, A. 1998. “Review of Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects from Exposure to Recreational Water.” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.1.1.
Ribeiro, Cesar H.A., and Bjorn Kjerfve. 2002. “Anthropogenic Influence on the Water Quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 3 (1–3): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-001-0037-5.
Rozen, Yael, and Shimshon Belkin. 2001. “Survival of Enteric Bacteria in Seawater.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25 (5): 513–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00589.x.
Sabino, R., R. Rodrigues, I. Costa, C. Carneiro, M. Cunha, A. Duarte, N. Faria, et al. 2014. “Routine Screening of Harmful Microorganisms in Beach Sands: Implications to Public Health.” Science of the Total Environment 472 (February): 1062–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091.
Sampson, Reyneé W., Sarah A. Swiatnicki, Colleen M. McDermott, and Gregory T. Kleinheinz. 2006. “The Effects of Rainfall on Escherichia Coli and Total Coliform Levels at 15 Lake Superior Recreational Beaches.” Water Resources Management 20 (1): 151–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-5528-1.
Schulz, Christopher J., and Gary W. Childers. 2011. “Fecal Bacteroidales Diversity and Decay in Response to Variations in Temperature and Salinity.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (8): 2563–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01473-10.
Shuval, Hillel. 2003. “Estimating the Global Burden of Thalassogenic Diseases: Human Infectious Diseases Caused by Wastewater Pollution of the Marine Environment.”
Silva, Maria Augusta Martins Da, André Luiz Carvalho da Silva, Carla Luiza dos Santos, Carolina Pereira Silvestre, Raphael Viana Marinho Antonio, Ana Beatriz Coelho da Cunha, Jaciele da Costa Abreu Gralato, and Renata Domingues de Souza. 2016. “Praias Da Baía de Guanabara No Estado Do Rio de Janeiro.” Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 17 (2). https://doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v17i2.839.
SMAC, Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente. 2010. Resolução SMAC No 468 de 28 de Janeiro de 2010.
———. 2013. “Monumento Natural Dos Morros Do Pão de Açúcar e Da Urca.” 2013. http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/4462114/4114375/ResumoPlanodeManejoMONAdosMorrosdoPaodeAcucaredaUrca.pdf.
Solo-Gabriele, Helena M., Valerie J. Harwood, David Kay, Roger S. Fujioka, Michael J. Sadowsky, Richard L. Whitman, Andrew Wither, et al. 2016. “Beach Sand and the Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission: Observations and Recommendations.” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96 (1): 101–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415000843.
Testolin, Renan C., Tito C.M. Almeida, Marcus Polette, Joaquim O. Branco, Larissa L. Fischer, Guilherme Niero, Gabriel Poyer-Radetski, et al. 2017. “Comparing Different Methods for Fast Screening of Microbiological Quality of Beach Sand Aimed at Rapid-Response Remediation.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 118 (1–2): 206–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.069.
The Council of the European Union. 2006. “Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 Concerning the Management of Bathing Water Quality and Repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.” 2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0007.
Vieira, Regine H.S.F., Karla M. Catter, Silvana Saker-Sampaio, Dália P. Rodrigues, Grace N.D. Theophilo, and Antonio A. Fonteles-Filho. 2002. “The Stormwater Drain System as a Pollution Vector of the Seashore in Fortaleza (Ceará State, Brazil).” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 33 (4). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822002000400003.
Wade, Timothy J., Rebecca L. Calderon, Elizabeth Sams, Michael Beach, Kristen P. Brenner, Ann H. Williams, and Alfred P. Dufour. 2006. “Rapidly Measured Indicators of Recreational Water Quality Are Predictive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (1): 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8273.
Wagener, Angela de L.R. 2005. “Constraints to the Implementation of Effective Environmental Management in Coastal Areas of Developing Countries.” Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 77 (4): 613–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652005000400004.
Wang, John D., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Amir M. Abdelzaher, and Lora E. Fleming. 2010. “Estimation of Enterococci Input from Bathers and Animals on a Recreational Beach Using Camera Images.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 60 (8): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.016.
Whitman, Richard L., Zhongfu Ge, Meredith B. Nevers, Alexandria B. Boehm, Eunice C. Chern, Richard A. Haugland, Ashley M. Lukasik, et al. 2010. “Relationship and Variation of QPCR and Culturable Enterococci Estimates in Ambient Surface Waters Are Predictable.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (13): 5049–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9028974.
WHO, World Health Organization. 2003. “Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Volume 1, Coastal and Fresh-Waters.”
Wiedenmann, Albrecht, Petra Krüger, Klaus Dietz, Juan M. López-Pila, Regine Szewzyk, and Konrad Botzenhart. 2006. “A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia Coli, Intestinal Enterococci; Clostridium Perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2): 228–36. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8115.
Yamahara, Kevan M., Blythe A. Layton, Alyson E. Santoro, and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2007. “Beach Sands along the California Coast Are Diffuse Sources of Fecal Bacteria to Coastal Waters.” Environmental Science & Technology 41 (13): 4515–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062822n.
Yau, Vincent, Timothy J. Wade, Carol K. de Wilde, and John M. Colford. 2009. “Skin-Related Symptoms Following Exposure to Recreational Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Water Quality, Exposure and Health 1 (2): 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-009-0012-9.
Zhang, Weiwei, Juying Wang, Jingfeng Fan, Dalu Gao, and Hongyan Ju. 2013. “Effects of Rainfall on Microbial Water Quality on Qingdao No. 1 Bathing Beach, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 66 (1–2): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.015.
Downloads
Publicado
2020-03-04
Como Citar
KREPSKY, Natascha; NUNES, Karine Peixoto; PAULA JUNIOR, Luiz Affonso de; LINO, Viviane Almeida de Andrade; NAVEIRA E SILVA, Clarissa Araujo Costa; BRANDÃO, Iracema Prestes; SANTOS, Fernanda Silva dos. Dry Sand Quality: The Case Study of a Touristic Beach from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 32–52, 2020. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p32-52. Disponível em: https://revistas2.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2963. Acesso em: 26 dez. 2024.
Edição
Seção
Artigos
Licença
Esta revista oferece acesso livre imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento.
A partir da publicação realizada na revista os autores possuem copyright e direitos de publicação de seus artigos sem restrições.
A Revista Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science segue os preceitos legais da licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional. 
