Enterococci as Fecal Indicator in a Tropical Beach: A Case Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p53-72Palavras-chave:
Bactérias, Indicador Fecal, Monitoramento da Poluição, Saúde PúblicaResumo
Enterococos fecais geralmente não são virulentos, entretanto, cepas multirresistentes emergiram como principais causas de infecções hospitalares. Assim, o monitoramento periódico de enterococos deveria ser incluído em cidades com alta densidade populacional para controlar a disseminação de cepas multirresistentes no ambiente marinho. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar enterococos em amostras de água e sedimento intermaré em uma praia localizada perto de pontos turísticos do Rio de Janeiro. Também pretendemos avaliar se os enterococos devem ser incluídos no programa de monitoramento sanitário das praias turísticas. Para essa abordagem, monitoramos de agosto a dezembro de 2014 as bactérias indicadoras fecais (FIB) em uma praia próxima a pontos turísticos através do método de tubos múltiplos. Embora o FIB estivesse dentro dos padrões sanitários da legislação brasileira, altas densidades de enterococos (= 30 MNP.100 mL-1) foram detectadas na água coletada em agosto. Assim, o monitoramento de enterococos deve ser incluído em praias turísticas para evitar o risco de disseminação de bactérias multirresistentes entre nadadores e frequentadores da praia.
Referências
Ackerman, Drew, and Stephen B. Weisberg. 2003. “Relationship between Rainfall and Beach Bacterial Concentrations on Santa Monica Bay Beaches.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (2): 85–87. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
APHA. 1992. “APHA Method 9221: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.”
———. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. Edited by Andrew D. Eaton, Mary Ann H. Franson, and American Public Health Association. 21st ed. Amer Public Health Assn. http://books.google.com/books?id=buTn1rmfSI4C&pgis=1.
Boehm, Alexandria B. 2007. “Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability.” Environmental Science & Technology 41 (24): 8227–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071807v.
Boehm, Alexandria B., S. B. Grant, J. H. Kim, S. L. Mowbray, C. D. McGee, C. D. Clark, D. M. Foley, and D. E. Wellman. 2002. “Decadal and Shorter Period Variability of Surf Zone Water Quality at Huntington Beach, California.” Environmental Science & Technology 36 (18): 3885–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020524u.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Lauren M. Sassoubre. 2014. Enterococci as Indicators of Environmental Fecal Contamination. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649503.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Jeffrey A. Soller. 2012. “Recreational Water Risk: Pathogens and Fecal Indicators.” In Environmental Toxicology, 441–59. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_16.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Stephen B. Weisberg. 2005. “Tidal Forcing of Enterococci at Marine Recreational Beaches at Fortnightly and Semidiurnal Frequencies.” Environmental Science & Technology 39 (15): 5575–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048175m.
Boehm, Alexandria B., Kevan M. Yamahara, David C. Love, Britt M. Peterson, Kristopher Mcneill, and Kara L. Nelson. 2009. “Covariation and Photoinactivation of Traditional and Novel Indicator Organisms and Human Viruses at a Sewage-Impacted Marine Beach.” Environmental Science and Technology 43 (21): 8046–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9015124.
Brasil. 2000. Resolução CONAMA No 274, de 29 de Novembro de 2000. Define Os Critérios de Balneabilidade Em Águas Brasileiras. Brasília: CONAMA.
Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N., Meredith B. Nevers, Asja Korajkic, Zachery R. Staley, and Valerie J. Harwood. 2012. “Enterococci in the Environment.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (4): 685–706. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00023-12.
Cabelli. 1983. “Health Effects Criteria for Marine Recreational Waters.” 1983. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/bathing-water-quality/health-effects-criteria-for-marine.
CETESB, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. 2018. “Resultados Microbiológicos Semanais.” 2018. https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/praias/resultados-microbiologicos-semanais/.
Chile, Instituto Nacional de Normalización. 2002. Agua - Determinación de Estreptococos Fecales - Técnica Número Más Probable (NMP): Water - Determination of Fecal Streptococcus - Most Probable Number (MPN). https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Agua_determinación_de_estreptococos_fec.html?id=9VsZHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y.
———. 2004. “Guia Conama Para El Establecimiento de Las Normas Secundarias de Calidad Ambiental Para Aguas Continentales Superficiales y Marinas.”
DHN, Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação. 2014. “Tábuas de Marés Da Marinha Do Brasil (BR).” 2014. https://www.marinha.mil.br/chm/tabuas-de-mare.
Dwight, Ryan H., Linda M. Fernandez, Dean B. Baker, Jan C. Semenza, and Betty H. Olson. 2005. “Estimating the Economic Burden from Illnesses Associated with Recreational Coastal Water Pollution - A Case Study in Orange County, California.” Journal of Environmental Management 76 (2): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.017.
Edge, Thomas A., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. “Classical and Molecular Methods To Measure Fecal Bacteria.” In The Fecal Bacteria, 241–73. American Society of Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555816865.ch11.
EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. “Method 1611: Enterococci in Water by TaqMan ® Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) Assay.”
Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E.M. de Paula, Ricardo Coutinho, et al. 2015. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.” Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232.
Griffin, Dale W., Erin K. Lipp, Molly R. Mclaughlin, and Joan B. Rose. 2001. “Marine Recreation and Public Health Microbiology: Quest for the Ideal Indicator.” BioScience 51 (10): 817. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0817:MRAPHM]2.0.CO;2.
IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010. “Censo Demográfico 2010.” 2010. https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/pesquisa/23/25207?tipo=ranking&indicador=25216.
INEA, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente. 2018. “Instituto Estadual Do Ambiente Balneabilidade Por Município.” 2018. http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/MegaDropDown/Monitoramento/Qualidadedaagua/Praias/BalneabilidadeporMunicpio/index.htm&lang=.
INEMA, Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos. 2018. “Instituto Do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos.” 2018. http://www.inema.ba.gov.br/servicos/monitoramento/qualidade-das-praias/.
IOS, International Organization for Standardization. 1998. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 1: Miniaturized Method (Most Probable Number) for Surface and Waste Water.” https://www.iso.org/standard/14852.html.
———. 2000. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method.” https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7899:-2:ed-2:v1:en.
Jiang, S.C., and W. Chu. 2004. “PCR Detection of Pathogenic Viruses in Southern California Urban Rivers.” Journal of Applied Microbiology 97 (1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02269.x.
Kacar, Asli, and Burcu Omuzbuken. 2017. “Assessing the Seawater Quality of a Coastal City Using Fecal Indicators and Environmental Variables (Eastern Aegean Sea).” Marine Pollution Bulletin 123 (1–2): 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.052.
Lessard, E. J., and J. Sieburth McN. 1983. “Survival of Natural Sewage Populations of Enteric Bacteria in Diffusion and Batch Chambers in the Marine Environment.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45 (3): 950–59.
Madigan, Michael T., Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, and David A. Stahl. 2010. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Biology of Microorganisms. Pearson Education, Inc. https://www.pearson.com/nl/en_NL/higher-education/subject-catalogue/biology/Brock-Biology-of-Microorganisms-Madigan.html?tab=about.
Moura, Jailson Fulgencio De, Marcelo Cardozo, Mariana Soares, Silva Peixoto Belo, Sandra Hacon, and Salvatore Siciliano. 2009. “A Interface Da Saúde Pública Com a Saúde Dos Oceanos: Produção de Doenças, Impactos Socioeconômicos e Relações Benéficas.” https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232011000900015.
Nevers, Meredith B., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. “Modeling Fate and Transport of Fecal Bacteria in Surface Water.” In , 165–88.
Noble, Rachel T, Stephen B Weisberg, Molly K Leecaster, Charles D McGee, John H Dorsey, Patricia Vainik, and Victoria Orozco-Borbón. 2003. “Storm Effects on Regional Beach Water Quality along the Southern California Shoreline.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (1): 23–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384270.
Odeck, James. 2009. “Statistical Precision of DEA and Malmquist Indices: A Bootstrap Application to Norwegian Grain Producers.” Omega 37 (5): 1007–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2008.11.003.
Okabe, Satoshi, and Yoko Shimazu. 2007. “Persistence of Host-Specific Bacteroides-Prevotella 16S RRNA Genetic Markers in Environmental Waters: Effects of Temperature and Salinity.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76 (4): 935–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1048-z.
PBMC. 2014. “Base Científica Das Mudanças Climáticas. Contribuição Do Grupo de Trabalho 1 Do Painel Brasileiro de Mudanças Climáticas Ao Primeiro Relatório Da Avaliação Nacional Sobre Mudanças Climáticas [Ambrizzi, T., Araujo, M. (Eds.)].” Rio de Janeiro. http://www.pbmc.coppe.ufrj.br/documentos/RAN1_completo_vol1.pdf.
Pereira, Renato Crespo, and Abílio Soares-Gomes. 2002. Biologia Marinha. http://bibcentral.ufpa.br/arquivos/140000/143000/19_143063.htm.
Pinto, K. C., E. M. Hachich, M. I.Z. Sato, M. Di Bari, M. C.L.S. Coelho, M. H. Matté, C. C. Lamparelli, and M. T.P. Razzolini. 2012. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Sand and Water from Three Selected Beaches of South Coast, São Paulo State, Brazil.” Water Science and Technology 66 (11): 2475–82. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.494.
Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. 2014. “Dados Pluviométricos Sistema Alerta Rio.” 2014. http://alertario.rio.rj.gov.br/download/dados-pluviometricos/.
Pruss, A. 1998. “Review of Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects from Exposure to Recreational Water.” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.1.1.
Ribeiro, Cesar H.A., and Bjorn Kjerfve. 2002. “Anthropogenic Influence on the Water Quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 3 (1–3): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-001-0037-5.
Rivera, Reinaldo, Patricio De, Los Ríos, and Ángel Contreras. 2010. “Relations Fecal Coliforms/ Fecal Streptococci as Indicators of the Origin of Fecal Pollution in Urban and Rural Water Bodies of Temuco, Chile.” Cien. Inv. Agr. Vol. 37. www.rcia.uc.cl.
Sabino, R., R. Rodrigues, I. Costa, C. Carneiro, M. Cunha, A. Duarte, N. Faria, et al. 2014. “Routine Screening of Harmful Microorganisms in Beach Sands: Implications to Public Health.” Science of the Total Environment 472 (February): 1062–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091.
Schinner, Tim, Adrian Letzner, Stefan Liedtke, Felipe D. Castro, Irwin A. Eydelnant, and Nathalie Tufenkji. 2010. “Transport of Selected Bacterial Pathogens in Agricultural Soil and Quartz Sand.” Water Research 44 (4): 1182–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.038.
Schulz, Christopher J., and Gary W. Childers. 2011. “Fecal Bacteroidales Diversity and Decay in Response to Variations in Temperature and Salinity.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (8): 2563–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01473-10.
SEMACE, Superintendência Estadual do Meio Ambiente. 2018. “Boletim de Balneabilidade - Superintendência Estadual Do Meio Ambiente.” 2018. https://www.semace.ce.gov.br/boletim-de-balneabilidade/.
Sercu, Bram, Laurie C. Van De Werfhorst, Jill Murray, and Patricia A. Holden. 2009. “Storm Drains Are Sources of Human Fecal Pollution during Dry Weather in Three Urban Southern California Watersheds.” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (2): 293–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801505p.
Shanks, Orin C., Mano Sivaganesan, Lindsay Peed, Catherine A. Kelty, A. Denene Blackwood, Monica R. Greene, Rachel T. Noble, et al. 2012. “Interlaboratory Comparison of Real-Time PCR Protocols for Quantification of General Fecal Indicator Bacteria.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (2): 945–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031455.
Sherr, B F, E B Sherr, and F Rassoulzadegan. 1988. “Rates of Digestion of Bacteria by Marine Phagotrophic Protozoa: Temperature Dependence.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54 (5): 1091–95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16347623.
Shuval, Hillel. 2003. “Estimating the Global Burden of Thalassogenic Diseases: Human Infectious Diseases Caused by Wastewater Pollution of the Marine Environment.”
Solo-Gabriele, Helena M., Melinda A. Wolfert, Timothy R. Desmarais, and Carol J. Palmer. 2000. “Sources of Escherichia Coli in a Coastal Subtropical Environment.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (1): 230–37. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.1.230-237.2000.
Tallon, Pam, Brenda Magajna, Cassandra Lofranco, and Tin Leung Kam. 2005. “Microbial Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Water: A Current Perspective.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-7905-4.
The Council of the European Union. 2006. “Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 Concerning the Management of Bathing Water Quality and Repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.” 2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0007.
Wade, Timothy J., Rebecca L. Calderon, Elizabeth Sams, Michael Beach, Kristen P. Brenner, Ann H. Williams, and Alfred P. Dufour. 2006. “Rapidly Measured Indicators of Recreational Water Quality Are Predictive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (1): 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8273.
Wang, John D., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Amir M. Abdelzaher, and Lora E. Fleming. 2010. “Estimation of Enterococci Input from Bathers and Animals on a Recreational Beach Using Camera Images.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 60 (8): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.016.
Whitman, Richard L., Zhongfu Ge, Meredith B. Nevers, Alexandria B. Boehm, Eunice C. Chern, Richard A. Haugland, Ashley M. Lukasik, et al. 2010. “Relationship and Variation of QPCR and Culturable Enterococci Estimates in Ambient Surface Waters Are Predictable.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (13): 5049–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9028974.
WHO, World Health Organization. 1999. “Health Based Monitoring of Recreational Waters: The Feasibility of a New Approach (the ‘Annapolis Protocol’): Outcome of an Expert Consultation, Annapolis, USA. / Co-Sponsored by USEPA.”
———. 2003. “Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments.”
Wiedenmann, Albrecht, Petra Krüger, Klaus Dietz, Juan M. López-Pila, Regine Szewzyk, and Konrad Botzenhart. 2006. “A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia Coli, Intestinal Enterococci; Clostridium Perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2): 228–36. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8115.
Yamahara, Kevan M., Blythe A. Layton, Alyson E. Santoro, and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2007. “Beach Sands along the California Coast Are Diffuse Sources of Fecal Bacteria to Coastal Waters.” Environmental Science & Technology 41 (13): 4515–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062822n.
Yau, Vincent, Timothy J. Wade, Carol K. de Wilde, and John M. Colford. 2009. “Skin-Related Symptoms Following Exposure to Recreational Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Water Quality, Exposure and Health 1 (2): 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-009-0012-9.
Zhang, Weiwei, Juying Wang, Jingfeng Fan, Dalu Gao, and Hongyan Ju. 2013. “Effects of Rainfall on Microbial Water Quality on Qingdao No. 1 Bathing Beach, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 66 (1–2): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.015.
Zubrzycki, L, and E H Spaulding. 1962. “Studies on the Stability of the Normal Human Fecal Flora.” Journal of Bacteriology 83 (5): 968–74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16561946.
APHA. 1992. “APHA Method 9221: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.”
———. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. Edited by Andrew D. Eaton, Mary Ann H. Franson, and American Public Health Association. 21st ed. Amer Public Health Assn. http://books.google.com/books?id=buTn1rmfSI4C&pgis=1.
Boehm, Alexandria B. 2007. “Enterococci Concentrations in Diverse Coastal Environments Exhibit Extreme Variability.” Environmental Science & Technology 41 (24): 8227–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071807v.
Boehm, Alexandria B., S. B. Grant, J. H. Kim, S. L. Mowbray, C. D. McGee, C. D. Clark, D. M. Foley, and D. E. Wellman. 2002. “Decadal and Shorter Period Variability of Surf Zone Water Quality at Huntington Beach, California.” Environmental Science & Technology 36 (18): 3885–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020524u.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Lauren M. Sassoubre. 2014. Enterococci as Indicators of Environmental Fecal Contamination. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649503.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Jeffrey A. Soller. 2012. “Recreational Water Risk: Pathogens and Fecal Indicators.” In Environmental Toxicology, 441–59. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_16.
Boehm, Alexandria B., and Stephen B. Weisberg. 2005. “Tidal Forcing of Enterococci at Marine Recreational Beaches at Fortnightly and Semidiurnal Frequencies.” Environmental Science & Technology 39 (15): 5575–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048175m.
Boehm, Alexandria B., Kevan M. Yamahara, David C. Love, Britt M. Peterson, Kristopher Mcneill, and Kara L. Nelson. 2009. “Covariation and Photoinactivation of Traditional and Novel Indicator Organisms and Human Viruses at a Sewage-Impacted Marine Beach.” Environmental Science and Technology 43 (21): 8046–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9015124.
Brasil. 2000. Resolução CONAMA No 274, de 29 de Novembro de 2000. Define Os Critérios de Balneabilidade Em Águas Brasileiras. Brasília: CONAMA.
Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N., Meredith B. Nevers, Asja Korajkic, Zachery R. Staley, and Valerie J. Harwood. 2012. “Enterococci in the Environment.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (4): 685–706. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00023-12.
Cabelli. 1983. “Health Effects Criteria for Marine Recreational Waters.” 1983. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/bathing-water-quality/health-effects-criteria-for-marine.
CETESB, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. 2018. “Resultados Microbiológicos Semanais.” 2018. https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/praias/resultados-microbiologicos-semanais/.
Chile, Instituto Nacional de Normalización. 2002. Agua - Determinación de Estreptococos Fecales - Técnica Número Más Probable (NMP): Water - Determination of Fecal Streptococcus - Most Probable Number (MPN). https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Agua_determinación_de_estreptococos_fec.html?id=9VsZHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y.
———. 2004. “Guia Conama Para El Establecimiento de Las Normas Secundarias de Calidad Ambiental Para Aguas Continentales Superficiales y Marinas.”
DHN, Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação. 2014. “Tábuas de Marés Da Marinha Do Brasil (BR).” 2014. https://www.marinha.mil.br/chm/tabuas-de-mare.
Dwight, Ryan H., Linda M. Fernandez, Dean B. Baker, Jan C. Semenza, and Betty H. Olson. 2005. “Estimating the Economic Burden from Illnesses Associated with Recreational Coastal Water Pollution - A Case Study in Orange County, California.” Journal of Environmental Management 76 (2): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.017.
Edge, Thomas A., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. “Classical and Molecular Methods To Measure Fecal Bacteria.” In The Fecal Bacteria, 241–73. American Society of Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555816865.ch11.
EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. “Method 1611: Enterococci in Water by TaqMan ® Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) Assay.”
Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E.M. de Paula, Ricardo Coutinho, et al. 2015. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.” Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232.
Griffin, Dale W., Erin K. Lipp, Molly R. Mclaughlin, and Joan B. Rose. 2001. “Marine Recreation and Public Health Microbiology: Quest for the Ideal Indicator.” BioScience 51 (10): 817. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0817:MRAPHM]2.0.CO;2.
IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010. “Censo Demográfico 2010.” 2010. https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/pesquisa/23/25207?tipo=ranking&indicador=25216.
INEA, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente. 2018. “Instituto Estadual Do Ambiente Balneabilidade Por Município.” 2018. http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/MegaDropDown/Monitoramento/Qualidadedaagua/Praias/BalneabilidadeporMunicpio/index.htm&lang=.
INEMA, Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos. 2018. “Instituto Do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos.” 2018. http://www.inema.ba.gov.br/servicos/monitoramento/qualidade-das-praias/.
IOS, International Organization for Standardization. 1998. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 1: Miniaturized Method (Most Probable Number) for Surface and Waste Water.” https://www.iso.org/standard/14852.html.
———. 2000. “Water Quality — Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci — Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method.” https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7899:-2:ed-2:v1:en.
Jiang, S.C., and W. Chu. 2004. “PCR Detection of Pathogenic Viruses in Southern California Urban Rivers.” Journal of Applied Microbiology 97 (1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02269.x.
Kacar, Asli, and Burcu Omuzbuken. 2017. “Assessing the Seawater Quality of a Coastal City Using Fecal Indicators and Environmental Variables (Eastern Aegean Sea).” Marine Pollution Bulletin 123 (1–2): 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.052.
Lessard, E. J., and J. Sieburth McN. 1983. “Survival of Natural Sewage Populations of Enteric Bacteria in Diffusion and Batch Chambers in the Marine Environment.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45 (3): 950–59.
Madigan, Michael T., Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, and David A. Stahl. 2010. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Biology of Microorganisms. Pearson Education, Inc. https://www.pearson.com/nl/en_NL/higher-education/subject-catalogue/biology/Brock-Biology-of-Microorganisms-Madigan.html?tab=about.
Moura, Jailson Fulgencio De, Marcelo Cardozo, Mariana Soares, Silva Peixoto Belo, Sandra Hacon, and Salvatore Siciliano. 2009. “A Interface Da Saúde Pública Com a Saúde Dos Oceanos: Produção de Doenças, Impactos Socioeconômicos e Relações Benéficas.” https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232011000900015.
Nevers, Meredith B., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. “Modeling Fate and Transport of Fecal Bacteria in Surface Water.” In , 165–88.
Noble, Rachel T, Stephen B Weisberg, Molly K Leecaster, Charles D McGee, John H Dorsey, Patricia Vainik, and Victoria Orozco-Borbón. 2003. “Storm Effects on Regional Beach Water Quality along the Southern California Shoreline.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (1): 23–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384270.
Odeck, James. 2009. “Statistical Precision of DEA and Malmquist Indices: A Bootstrap Application to Norwegian Grain Producers.” Omega 37 (5): 1007–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2008.11.003.
Okabe, Satoshi, and Yoko Shimazu. 2007. “Persistence of Host-Specific Bacteroides-Prevotella 16S RRNA Genetic Markers in Environmental Waters: Effects of Temperature and Salinity.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76 (4): 935–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1048-z.
PBMC. 2014. “Base Científica Das Mudanças Climáticas. Contribuição Do Grupo de Trabalho 1 Do Painel Brasileiro de Mudanças Climáticas Ao Primeiro Relatório Da Avaliação Nacional Sobre Mudanças Climáticas [Ambrizzi, T., Araujo, M. (Eds.)].” Rio de Janeiro. http://www.pbmc.coppe.ufrj.br/documentos/RAN1_completo_vol1.pdf.
Pereira, Renato Crespo, and Abílio Soares-Gomes. 2002. Biologia Marinha. http://bibcentral.ufpa.br/arquivos/140000/143000/19_143063.htm.
Pinto, K. C., E. M. Hachich, M. I.Z. Sato, M. Di Bari, M. C.L.S. Coelho, M. H. Matté, C. C. Lamparelli, and M. T.P. Razzolini. 2012. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Sand and Water from Three Selected Beaches of South Coast, São Paulo State, Brazil.” Water Science and Technology 66 (11): 2475–82. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.494.
Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. 2014. “Dados Pluviométricos Sistema Alerta Rio.” 2014. http://alertario.rio.rj.gov.br/download/dados-pluviometricos/.
Pruss, A. 1998. “Review of Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects from Exposure to Recreational Water.” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.1.1.
Ribeiro, Cesar H.A., and Bjorn Kjerfve. 2002. “Anthropogenic Influence on the Water Quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 3 (1–3): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-001-0037-5.
Rivera, Reinaldo, Patricio De, Los Ríos, and Ángel Contreras. 2010. “Relations Fecal Coliforms/ Fecal Streptococci as Indicators of the Origin of Fecal Pollution in Urban and Rural Water Bodies of Temuco, Chile.” Cien. Inv. Agr. Vol. 37. www.rcia.uc.cl.
Sabino, R., R. Rodrigues, I. Costa, C. Carneiro, M. Cunha, A. Duarte, N. Faria, et al. 2014. “Routine Screening of Harmful Microorganisms in Beach Sands: Implications to Public Health.” Science of the Total Environment 472 (February): 1062–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091.
Schinner, Tim, Adrian Letzner, Stefan Liedtke, Felipe D. Castro, Irwin A. Eydelnant, and Nathalie Tufenkji. 2010. “Transport of Selected Bacterial Pathogens in Agricultural Soil and Quartz Sand.” Water Research 44 (4): 1182–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.038.
Schulz, Christopher J., and Gary W. Childers. 2011. “Fecal Bacteroidales Diversity and Decay in Response to Variations in Temperature and Salinity.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (8): 2563–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01473-10.
SEMACE, Superintendência Estadual do Meio Ambiente. 2018. “Boletim de Balneabilidade - Superintendência Estadual Do Meio Ambiente.” 2018. https://www.semace.ce.gov.br/boletim-de-balneabilidade/.
Sercu, Bram, Laurie C. Van De Werfhorst, Jill Murray, and Patricia A. Holden. 2009. “Storm Drains Are Sources of Human Fecal Pollution during Dry Weather in Three Urban Southern California Watersheds.” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (2): 293–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801505p.
Shanks, Orin C., Mano Sivaganesan, Lindsay Peed, Catherine A. Kelty, A. Denene Blackwood, Monica R. Greene, Rachel T. Noble, et al. 2012. “Interlaboratory Comparison of Real-Time PCR Protocols for Quantification of General Fecal Indicator Bacteria.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (2): 945–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031455.
Sherr, B F, E B Sherr, and F Rassoulzadegan. 1988. “Rates of Digestion of Bacteria by Marine Phagotrophic Protozoa: Temperature Dependence.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54 (5): 1091–95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16347623.
Shuval, Hillel. 2003. “Estimating the Global Burden of Thalassogenic Diseases: Human Infectious Diseases Caused by Wastewater Pollution of the Marine Environment.”
Solo-Gabriele, Helena M., Melinda A. Wolfert, Timothy R. Desmarais, and Carol J. Palmer. 2000. “Sources of Escherichia Coli in a Coastal Subtropical Environment.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (1): 230–37. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.1.230-237.2000.
Tallon, Pam, Brenda Magajna, Cassandra Lofranco, and Tin Leung Kam. 2005. “Microbial Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Water: A Current Perspective.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-7905-4.
The Council of the European Union. 2006. “Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 Concerning the Management of Bathing Water Quality and Repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.” 2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0007.
Wade, Timothy J., Rebecca L. Calderon, Elizabeth Sams, Michael Beach, Kristen P. Brenner, Ann H. Williams, and Alfred P. Dufour. 2006. “Rapidly Measured Indicators of Recreational Water Quality Are Predictive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (1): 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8273.
Wang, John D., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Amir M. Abdelzaher, and Lora E. Fleming. 2010. “Estimation of Enterococci Input from Bathers and Animals on a Recreational Beach Using Camera Images.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 60 (8): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.016.
Whitman, Richard L., Zhongfu Ge, Meredith B. Nevers, Alexandria B. Boehm, Eunice C. Chern, Richard A. Haugland, Ashley M. Lukasik, et al. 2010. “Relationship and Variation of QPCR and Culturable Enterococci Estimates in Ambient Surface Waters Are Predictable.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (13): 5049–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9028974.
WHO, World Health Organization. 1999. “Health Based Monitoring of Recreational Waters: The Feasibility of a New Approach (the ‘Annapolis Protocol’): Outcome of an Expert Consultation, Annapolis, USA. / Co-Sponsored by USEPA.”
———. 2003. “Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments.”
Wiedenmann, Albrecht, Petra Krüger, Klaus Dietz, Juan M. López-Pila, Regine Szewzyk, and Konrad Botzenhart. 2006. “A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia Coli, Intestinal Enterococci; Clostridium Perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2): 228–36. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8115.
Yamahara, Kevan M., Blythe A. Layton, Alyson E. Santoro, and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2007. “Beach Sands along the California Coast Are Diffuse Sources of Fecal Bacteria to Coastal Waters.” Environmental Science & Technology 41 (13): 4515–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062822n.
Yau, Vincent, Timothy J. Wade, Carol K. de Wilde, and John M. Colford. 2009. “Skin-Related Symptoms Following Exposure to Recreational Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Water Quality, Exposure and Health 1 (2): 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-009-0012-9.
Zhang, Weiwei, Juying Wang, Jingfeng Fan, Dalu Gao, and Hongyan Ju. 2013. “Effects of Rainfall on Microbial Water Quality on Qingdao No. 1 Bathing Beach, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 66 (1–2): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.015.
Zubrzycki, L, and E H Spaulding. 1962. “Studies on the Stability of the Normal Human Fecal Flora.” Journal of Bacteriology 83 (5): 968–74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16561946.
Downloads
Publicado
2020-03-04
Como Citar
SANTOS, Fernanda Silva dos; PAULA JUNIOR, Luiz Affonso de; ARAUJO, Gabriel Farias; AZEVEDO, Wellington Thadeu de Alcantara; ROSS, Steven Dutt; KREPSKY, Natascha. Enterococci as Fecal Indicator in a Tropical Beach: A Case Study. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 53–72, 2020. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p53-72. Disponível em: https://revistas2.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2771. Acesso em: 26 dez. 2024.
Edição
Seção
Artigos
Licença
Esta revista oferece acesso livre imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento.
A partir da publicação realizada na revista os autores possuem copyright e direitos de publicação de seus artigos sem restrições.
A Revista Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science segue os preceitos legais da licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional. 
