Social-Ecological System constraints of Protected Areas. A case study of Mexican protected forests
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i2.p227-244Palavras-chave:
Política de Conservação, Manejo Sustentável, Ãreas Protegidas, Sistemas de RecursosResumo
Áreas Protegidas são mundialmente aceitas como instrumento de política de conservação. No entanto, a eficácia desse instrumento para o gerenciamento da sustentabilidade de recursos protegidos ainda é problemática. É neste contexto que este trabalho investiga as restrições do Sistema Sócio-Ecológico que levam a situações sem sucesso em florestas protegidas no México. Para atingir este objetivo, é utilizada uma metodologia de estrutura do Sistema Sócio-Ecológico de E. Ostrom para realizar a meta-análise de estudos de casos de florestas mexicanas. Os resultados mostram que as restrições estão embutidas nos atributos de governança desses recursos pelas comunidades locais por meio de um conjunto de variáveis cujos padrões de interação levam a situações bem-sucedidas ou malsucedidas. Essas variáveis são variáveis que caracterizam o sistema de governança e variáveis que caracterizam os atores. As interações dessas variáveis levam a situações bem-sucedidas em estudos de caso nos quais os membros da comunidade local participam intensamente do sistema de governança.
Referências
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Andam KS, Ferrar PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA 2008. Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. The National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105(42):16089-16094.
Anderies JM, Janssen MA, Ostrom E 2004. A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective. Ecology and Society, 9(1):1-18.
Arroyo-Rodrıguez V, Aguirre A, Benıtez-Malvido J, Mandujano S 2007. Impact of rain forest fragmentation on the population size of a structurally important palm species: Astrocaryum mexicanum at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 138(1-2):198-206.
Arroyo-Rodriguez V, Mandujano S 2006. The importance of tropical rain forest fragments to the conservation of plant species diversity in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(13):4159-4179.
Berget C, Duran E, Bray DB 2015. Participatory Restoration of Degraded Agricultural Areas Invaded by Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and Conservation in the Chinantla Region, Oaxaca, Mexico. Human Ecology, 43(4):547-558.
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR 2009. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, United Kingdom.
Bost J 2014. Persea schiedeana: A High Oil “Cinderella Species” Fruit with Potential for Tropical Agroforestry Systems. Sustainability, 6:99-111.
Bray DB, Duran E, Anta S, Martín GJ, Mandragón F 2008. A new conservation and Develpoment Frontier: Community Protected Areas in Oaxaca, Mexico. Current Conservation, 2.2:7-9.
Bray DB, Duran E, Molina O 2012. Beyond harvests in the commons: multi-scale governance and turbulence in indigenous/community conserved areas in Oaxaca, Mexico. International Journal of the Commons, 6(2):151-178.
Brooks TM, da Fonseca GAB, Rodrigues ASL 2004. Protected Areas and Species. Conservation Biology, 18(03):616-618.
Cámara ABS, Ramírez JS, Sierra CLJ, Ortega-Rubio A 2014. Conservation in the Sierra la Laguna Biosphere Reserve, Baja California Sur: achievements and challenges. Investigación y Ciencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 60:78-84.
Coetzee BWT 2017. Evaluating the ecological performance of protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(1):231-236.
CONANP 2006. Certificado del Área de Protección del Águila Real de la Serranía de Juan Grande [Certificate of the Serrania de Juan Grande Golden Eagle Protection Area]. National Commission on Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) Certificado -76/2006. Available From: http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/.
CONANP 2008. Programa de Acción para la Conservación de la Especie: Águila real (Aquila chrysatoes) [Program of Action for the Conservation of the Species: Golden eagle]. National Commission on Natural Protected Areas (CONANP).
CONANP 2009. Ficha de Identificación: Aguila Real [Identification Sheet: Golden Eagle]. National Commission on Natural Protected Areas (CONANP). Available From: http://www.conanp.gob.mx/pdf_especies/aguila_real.pdf.
Cox M 2014. The SESMAD project. the Digital Library of the Commons.
Cumming GS 2014. Chapter 1. Theoretical Frameworks for the Analysis of Social-Ecological Systems. In S Sakai, C Umetsu (eds.). Social-Ecological Systems in Transition. Springer, Tokyo / Heidelberg / New York / Dordrecht / London, p. 3-21. Available From: http://www.springer.com/series/10124.
Curran LM, Trigg SN, MacDonald AK, Astiani D, Hardiono YM, Siregar P, Caniago I, Kasischke E 2004. Lowland Forest Loss in Protected Areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science, 303(5660):1000-1003.
Durand L, Lazos E 2004. Colonization and tropical deforestation in the Sierra Santa Marta, Southern Mexico. Environmental Conservation, 31(1):11-21.
Durand L, Lazos E 2008. The Local Perception of Tropical Deforestation and its Relation to Conservation Policies in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Human Ecology, 36:383-394.
Frias G, Meredith T 2004. Resistance to Conservation in the Land of Zapata. Presented at “The Commons in an Age of Global Transition: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities”. In Tenth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Gallina S 2012. Is Sustainablity Possible in Protected Areas in Mexico? Deer as an Example of a Renewable Resource. Sustainability, 4(10):2366-2376.
Hoag DL, Skold MD 1996. The relationship between conservation and sustainability. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51(4):292-295.
Ibarra JT, Barreau A, Del Campo C, Camacho CI, Martin GJ, McCandless SR 2011. When Formal and Market-Based Conservation Mechanisms Disrupt Food Sovereignty: Impacts of Community Conservation and Payments for Environmental Services on an Indigenous Community of Oaxaca, Mexico. International Forestry Review, 13(3):318-337.
Jepson PR, Caldecott B, Schmittt SF, Carvalho SHC, Correia RA, Gamarra N, Bragagnolo C, Malhado ACM, Ladle RJ 2017. Protected area asset stewardship. Biological Conservation, 212(A):183-190.
Joppa LN, Loarie SR, Pimm SL 2008. On the protection of ‘‘protected areas’’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105(18):6673-6678.
Laurance WF, Useche DC, Rendeiro J, Kalka M, Bradshaw CJA, Sloan SP, Laurance SG, Campbell M, Abernethy K, Alvarez P, et al. 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 489:290-294.
Mendez-Lopez ME, García-Frapoll E, Pritchard DJ, Sánchez González MC, Ruiz-Mallén I, Porter-Bolland L, Reyes-Garcia V 2014. Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico. Journal of Environmental Management, 145:321-329.
Moldovan L 2014. Protected areas in calimani mountains. Academica Science Journal, 2(5):15-22.
Negrete-Yankelevich S, Porter-Bolland L, Blanco-Rosas JL, Barois I 2013. Historical Roots of the Spatial, Temporal, and Diversity Scales of Agricultural Decision-Making in Sierra de Santa Marta, Los Tuxtlas. Environmental Management, 52(1):45-60.
Nieratka LR, Bray DB, Mozumder P 2015. Can Payments for Environmental Services Strengthen Social Capital, Encourage Distributional Equity, and Reduce Poverty?. Conservation and Society, 13(4):345-355.
Ostrom E 1990. Governing the commons. The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 298 pp.
Ostrom E 2007. A Diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104(39):15181-15187.
Ostrom E 2009. A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science, 325(5939):419-422.
Paré L, García H 2015. Reservas campesinas en la región de los Tuxtlas y la Sierra de Santa Marta. Experiencias comunitarias para una política integral de conservación en áreas protegidas. Available From: http://anea.org.mx/docs/Garcia-ArtResCampeStaMarta.pdf.
Pfaff A, Santiago-Ávila F, Joppa L 2017. Evolving Protected-Area Impacts in Mexico: Political Shifts as Suggested by Impact Evaluations. Forests, 8(17):[about 14 pages].
Pigott TD 2012. Advances in Meta-Analysis. Springer, New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London.
Porter-Bolland L, Ellis EA, Guariguata MR, Ruiz-Mallén I, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Reyes-García V 2012. Community managed forests and forest protected areas: An assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. Forest Ecology and Management, 268:6-17.
Reinius SW, Fredman P 2007. Protected Areas as attractions. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4):839-854.
Rodrıguez-Jorquera IA, Siroski P, Espejo W, Nimptsch J, Choueri RB, Moraga CA, Mora M, Toor GS 2017. Latin American Protected Areas: Protected from Chemical Pollution?. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13(2):360-370.
SEMARNAT 2002. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001 Protección Ambiental - Especies Nativas de México de Flora y Fauna Silvestres - lista de species en riesgo.
SESMAD 2014. Social-Ecological Systems Meta-Analysis Database: Background and Research Methods. [Accessed 2014;2015;2016]. Available from: http://sesmad.dartmouth.edu..
Van den Bergh JC, Button KJ, Nijkamp P, Pepping GC 1997. Meta-Analysis in Environmental Economics. 12.ed. Springer, Netherlands.
Watson JEM, Darling ES, Venter O, Maron M, Walston J, Possingham HP, Dudley N, Hockings M, Barnes M, Brooks TM 2016. Bolder science needed now for protected areas. Conservation Biology, 30(2): 243-248.
Watson JEM, Dudley N, Segan DB, Hockings M 2014. The perfromance and potential of protected areas. Nature, 515:67-73.
Weaver DB, Lawton LJ 2017. A new visitation paradigm for protected areas. Tourism Management, 60:140-146.
Aguascalientes-IMAE 2006. Estudio Técnico Justificativo: Área de Protección del Águila Real (Aquila chrysaetos) de la Serranía de Juan Grande en el Ejido Palo Alto, municipio de El Llano, Aguascalientes, México. IMAE (Instituto del Medio Ambiente), Aguascalientes.
Aguascalientes-IMAE 2010a. Área de Protección del Águila Real [Golden Eagle Protection Area]. State Ministry of the Environment (IMAE), Aguascalientes. Available From: http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ imae/recursosbioticos/aguila.aspx.
Aguascalientes-IMAE 2010b. Monitoreo Biológica [Biological Monitoring]. State Ministry of the Environment (IMAE), Aguascalientes. Available From: http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/imae/recursosbioticos/ monbio.aspx.
Andam KS, Ferrar PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA 2008. Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. The National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105(42):16089-16094.
Anderies JM, Janssen MA, Ostrom E 2004. A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective. Ecology and Society, 9(1):1-18.
Arroyo-Rodrıguez V, Aguirre A, Benıtez-Malvido J, Mandujano S 2007. Impact of rain forest fragmentation on the population size of a structurally important palm species: Astrocaryum mexicanum at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 138(1-2):198-206.
Arroyo-Rodriguez V, Mandujano S 2006. The importance of tropical rain forest fragments to the conservation of plant species diversity in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(13):4159-4179.
Berget C, Duran E, Bray DB 2015. Participatory Restoration of Degraded Agricultural Areas Invaded by Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and Conservation in the Chinantla Region, Oaxaca, Mexico. Human Ecology, 43(4):547-558.
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR 2009. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, United Kingdom.
Bost J 2014. Persea schiedeana: A High Oil “Cinderella Species” Fruit with Potential for Tropical Agroforestry Systems. Sustainability, 6:99-111.
Bray DB, Duran E, Anta S, Martín GJ, Mandragón F 2008. A new conservation and Develpoment Frontier: Community Protected Areas in Oaxaca, Mexico. Current Conservation, 2.2:7-9.
Bray DB, Duran E, Molina O 2012. Beyond harvests in the commons: multi-scale governance and turbulence in indigenous/community conserved areas in Oaxaca, Mexico. International Journal of the Commons, 6(2):151-178.
Brooks TM, da Fonseca GAB, Rodrigues ASL 2004. Protected Areas and Species. Conservation Biology, 18(03):616-618.
Cámara ABS, Ramírez JS, Sierra CLJ, Ortega-Rubio A 2014. Conservation in the Sierra la Laguna Biosphere Reserve, Baja California Sur: achievements and challenges. Investigación y Ciencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 60:78-84.
Coetzee BWT 2017. Evaluating the ecological performance of protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(1):231-236.
CONANP 2006. Certificado del Área de Protección del Águila Real de la Serranía de Juan Grande [Certificate of the Serrania de Juan Grande Golden Eagle Protection Area]. National Commission on Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) Certificado -76/2006. Available From: http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/.
CONANP 2008. Programa de Acción para la Conservación de la Especie: Águila real (Aquila chrysatoes) [Program of Action for the Conservation of the Species: Golden eagle]. National Commission on Natural Protected Areas (CONANP).
CONANP 2009. Ficha de Identificación: Aguila Real [Identification Sheet: Golden Eagle]. National Commission on Natural Protected Areas (CONANP). Available From: http://www.conanp.gob.mx/pdf_especies/aguila_real.pdf.
Cox M 2014. The SESMAD project. the Digital Library of the Commons.
Cumming GS 2014. Chapter 1. Theoretical Frameworks for the Analysis of Social-Ecological Systems. In S Sakai, C Umetsu (eds.). Social-Ecological Systems in Transition. Springer, Tokyo / Heidelberg / New York / Dordrecht / London, p. 3-21. Available From: http://www.springer.com/series/10124.
Curran LM, Trigg SN, MacDonald AK, Astiani D, Hardiono YM, Siregar P, Caniago I, Kasischke E 2004. Lowland Forest Loss in Protected Areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science, 303(5660):1000-1003.
Durand L, Lazos E 2004. Colonization and tropical deforestation in the Sierra Santa Marta, Southern Mexico. Environmental Conservation, 31(1):11-21.
Durand L, Lazos E 2008. The Local Perception of Tropical Deforestation and its Relation to Conservation Policies in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Human Ecology, 36:383-394.
Frias G, Meredith T 2004. Resistance to Conservation in the Land of Zapata. Presented at “The Commons in an Age of Global Transition: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities”. In Tenth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Gallina S 2012. Is Sustainablity Possible in Protected Areas in Mexico? Deer as an Example of a Renewable Resource. Sustainability, 4(10):2366-2376.
Hoag DL, Skold MD 1996. The relationship between conservation and sustainability. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51(4):292-295.
Ibarra JT, Barreau A, Del Campo C, Camacho CI, Martin GJ, McCandless SR 2011. When Formal and Market-Based Conservation Mechanisms Disrupt Food Sovereignty: Impacts of Community Conservation and Payments for Environmental Services on an Indigenous Community of Oaxaca, Mexico. International Forestry Review, 13(3):318-337.
Jepson PR, Caldecott B, Schmittt SF, Carvalho SHC, Correia RA, Gamarra N, Bragagnolo C, Malhado ACM, Ladle RJ 2017. Protected area asset stewardship. Biological Conservation, 212(A):183-190.
Joppa LN, Loarie SR, Pimm SL 2008. On the protection of ‘‘protected areas’’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105(18):6673-6678.
Laurance WF, Useche DC, Rendeiro J, Kalka M, Bradshaw CJA, Sloan SP, Laurance SG, Campbell M, Abernethy K, Alvarez P, et al. 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 489:290-294.
Mendez-Lopez ME, García-Frapoll E, Pritchard DJ, Sánchez González MC, Ruiz-Mallén I, Porter-Bolland L, Reyes-Garcia V 2014. Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico. Journal of Environmental Management, 145:321-329.
Moldovan L 2014. Protected areas in calimani mountains. Academica Science Journal, 2(5):15-22.
Negrete-Yankelevich S, Porter-Bolland L, Blanco-Rosas JL, Barois I 2013. Historical Roots of the Spatial, Temporal, and Diversity Scales of Agricultural Decision-Making in Sierra de Santa Marta, Los Tuxtlas. Environmental Management, 52(1):45-60.
Nieratka LR, Bray DB, Mozumder P 2015. Can Payments for Environmental Services Strengthen Social Capital, Encourage Distributional Equity, and Reduce Poverty?. Conservation and Society, 13(4):345-355.
Ostrom E 1990. Governing the commons. The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 298 pp.
Ostrom E 2007. A Diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104(39):15181-15187.
Ostrom E 2009. A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science, 325(5939):419-422.
Paré L, García H 2015. Reservas campesinas en la región de los Tuxtlas y la Sierra de Santa Marta. Experiencias comunitarias para una política integral de conservación en áreas protegidas. Available From: http://anea.org.mx/docs/Garcia-ArtResCampeStaMarta.pdf.
Pfaff A, Santiago-Ávila F, Joppa L 2017. Evolving Protected-Area Impacts in Mexico: Political Shifts as Suggested by Impact Evaluations. Forests, 8(17):[about 14 pages].
Pigott TD 2012. Advances in Meta-Analysis. Springer, New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London.
Porter-Bolland L, Ellis EA, Guariguata MR, Ruiz-Mallén I, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Reyes-García V 2012. Community managed forests and forest protected areas: An assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. Forest Ecology and Management, 268:6-17.
Reinius SW, Fredman P 2007. Protected Areas as attractions. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4):839-854.
Rodrıguez-Jorquera IA, Siroski P, Espejo W, Nimptsch J, Choueri RB, Moraga CA, Mora M, Toor GS 2017. Latin American Protected Areas: Protected from Chemical Pollution?. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13(2):360-370.
SEMARNAT 2002. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001 Protección Ambiental - Especies Nativas de México de Flora y Fauna Silvestres - lista de species en riesgo.
SESMAD 2014. Social-Ecological Systems Meta-Analysis Database: Background and Research Methods. [Accessed 2014;2015;2016]. Available from: http://sesmad.dartmouth.edu..
Van den Bergh JC, Button KJ, Nijkamp P, Pepping GC 1997. Meta-Analysis in Environmental Economics. 12.ed. Springer, Netherlands.
Watson JEM, Darling ES, Venter O, Maron M, Walston J, Possingham HP, Dudley N, Hockings M, Barnes M, Brooks TM 2016. Bolder science needed now for protected areas. Conservation Biology, 30(2): 243-248.
Watson JEM, Dudley N, Segan DB, Hockings M 2014. The perfromance and potential of protected areas. Nature, 515:67-73.
Weaver DB, Lawton LJ 2017. A new visitation paradigm for protected areas. Tourism Management, 60:140-146.
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2019-05-01
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EUGENE, Hakizimana; RIVERO, Arturo Lara; HUITRON, Ignacio Llamas. Social-Ecological System constraints of Protected Areas. A case study of Mexican protected forests. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 227–244, 2019. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i2.p227-244. Disponível em: https://revistas2.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2763. Acesso em: 26 dez. 2024.
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